Descriptive Essay The Beach - 975 Words

When Charlie asked me to go out diving with her, I just had to say yes. I mean, the beach is a great spot on a busy day, and I knew she had a few more spots out on the water. She’d said once that she found her necklaces underwater, and how she sometimes got tangled up in nets or shot at by jealous corporate scrap-pickers. She had this little boat that she’d take out. She said we could go out together. I didn’t know a lick about diving, but she didn’t need to know that. I met her on the sandy part of the beach, when there was just enough drizzle to drive away any potential swimmers. She had these big earrings in, rubies or garnets or something set in silver. She winked. â€Å"Got these from a shipwreck. Didn’t even explore the whole†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nope. Picked up something new.† I put the mask on before Charlie could see the glints of fear in my eyes. â€Å"Just the mask?† She had hers on too, and she was holding a big duffle bag strapped across her chest. â€Å"Flippers too.† She tossed me a pair. â€Å"You’ve got a suit on already, and this isn’t too deep.† I had to get the flippers on without her help. She was already done with one. â€Å"Don’t we need gas tanks?† â€Å"Not with these.† Her flippers were on. â€Å"New tech. They’re the models that got released last month. Frees up a lot of space.† She tossed me a duffle. â€Å"Let’s go.† By the time I’d figured out the straps on the flippers, she was already in the water. The rain was picking up, and there was a clatter of thunder as I dove in. The mask had a lamp, and I flicked it on. The water was an inky black if I looked more than a few feet away. Charlie waved me over, tapped her lamp, and swam deeper. I hurried to keep up. She was barely lit, and she swam deeper like a dropped stone. When I lost sight of her, I bit my lip and realized these masks ha d no radio. I could hear the rain slapping the surface of the water and I kept swimming down. It got louder, louder, and I saw sand lit up by my lamp. As my hand touched the bottom, I felt the water ripple. I spun around, but Charlie wasn’t tapping my shoulder. Instead, her back was curled, and she was still. The water was tainted reddish. When IShow MoreRelatedThe Beach Descriptive Essay916 Words   |  4 PagesFor I was trapped in darkness. Yesterday, I was filled with weakness *** For all my life, I have felt as if I had been roaming along the calm powdery sands of Mystery Beach lined with rows of sculptures. I once could see each fine detail– a shallow curve of dimmed skin or an explicit crinkle on the face. At the centre of the beach was a sculpture of my mother and I. We spilled across the spectral and lively sand, energetic, abandoned – the intimacy of that instant forever engraved into my heartRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Beach1158 Words   |  5 Pagesthe house looked over the enclosed porch, over the sea wall, and onto the beach. Entranced by the lull of crashing waves, I would become memorized at the immensity of it all. I was never afraid of the ocean. As a child, my sister and I would long spend hours out on the beach in front of our house. We would build gigantic sand castles, collect seashells, and gleefully run into the water with all our clothes on. The the beach, and by extension, the ocean was always a safe haven for me. It providedRead MoreDescriptive Essay : Beach Bums913 Words   |  4 PagesBeach Bums Our designated driver is on the floor. With a mouthful of sharp beach sand in his mouth, he stays down and screams â€Å"Darn!† Disoriented and dehydrated I look to the top and I see my partners in crime, yelling at the top of their lungs from the roof of sun beaten lifeguard tower, â€Å"Throw some beer in his mouth!† With smile football stadiums wide I look down at my bare skin. Covered only by boxers, soaked by the oceans bitter cold waters, there I was; tears running down my cheeks freezingRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Beach838 Words   |  4 Pages The Beach You have been in the car for a very long three days. You have sat in a line of cars 10 miles long. You have endured your annoying siblings, stressed out parents and the cramped space of the car. You have eaten junk food and soda for days. Your legs are screaming to move, you think you will never arrive. You have heard rumors about the beach. Sand so white it sparkles, water crystal clear, ships the size of buildings, and hotel rooms the sizes of houses. You finally start to see theRead MoreMothers Beach Descriptive Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesMothers beach holds a dear place in my heart. It’s where mothers bring their children knowing the calm, cool waves will allow their young to experience all the joy a beach can provide. I had been there many of times in my short but happy life. At the time I had just been faced with all the excitement that comes with celebrating a birthday, I was now the big 5 years old. I thought I was ready to take on the world, sadly, I was unaware of all the seemingly innocent dangers out there in the world. MyRead MoreDaytona Beach Descriptive Essay1761 Words   |  8 PagesDaytona Beach On the morning of June 17, 2016, I woke up with a smile on my face like it was Christmas morning. I launched myself out of bed to take a quick shower before I was to meet my friends to leave for Daytona Florida. We planned this trip months ahead of time when we found out there was a truck meet on the weekend of June 18th and 19th. The truck meet we went to was where anyone who owned a pickup truck could come down to Daytona Florida and drive on the beach to get to mingle and entertainRead MoreDescriptive Essay : Myrtle Beach1447 Words   |  6 Pages Myrtle Beach! I was so excited for the trip and couldn’t wait to put my foot in the blue, cold, salt water. After the like 15 hour drive we had just suffered through I was expecting a pretty great trip. We drove down the road and saw all of the familiar places like the Tanger mall, surf shops, Krispy Kreme, and even more of our favorite restaurants. I started to recognize the details that just seemed to tell us we made it to our destination. Like the palm trees, warm weather, beach smell, andRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Beach1223 Words   |  5 PagesIt was a cool breezy day at Waikiki Beach on a Saturday afternoon. The sky was painted blue filled with clouds and the sun shining through. As I walked onto the sand I can feel my bare feet get burned by the heat of the sun. I jog to find a spot on the beach where no one else is around. Once I find my spot I slip into my wetsuit and my body gets sucked into it as I zip it up. Then I pull my long, tangled hair into a ponytail to get it out of my face as the wind blows it. Once I’m ready to go inRead MoreMyrtle Beach Descriptive Story Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesyou wanna know where we are going on vacation?† my dad asked, thinking I was going to jump out of my seat. â€Å"Yeah, where?† I answered anxiously. â€Å"Do you wanna take a guess?† he questioned. â€Å"Uh,†I replied, â€Å"Arizona?† â€Å"Nope.† â€Å"Then where?† â€Å"Myrtle Beach!† Months later, we arrived at the airport at around 11:30am on Sunday, and our flight was supposed to take off at 2pm. But we were told that there was a fifteen minute delay and we weren t too bothered. Fifteen minutes later, they pushed the flightRead More Descriptive Essay about Sunset Beach752 Words   |  4 PagesEver since Sunset Beach has been officially opened to the public, there has been a drastic increase of tourists present. Television programs concluded that at least a thousand people visit the beach everyday. Reasons for their stay are that they feel comfortable with the environment that surrounds the beach front, people who are at the beach are joyous and numerous activities to enjoy, and the fresh scent of the sparkly waters, make the visitors feel calm and pleasurable. So I decided to take a trip

Relational Aesthetics Relational And The Historical...

Known by some as â€Å"the most influential stylistic strain to emerge in art since the early seventies† (Salts, 2008), Relational Aesthetics, constructed by Nicolas Bourriaud in 1998, was a response to artists’ desire to rectify declining social bonds and a rejection of exhibition conventions prominent in the 1980s. This essay will explore why Relational Aesthetics was created, what types of works are considered ‘relational’ and the historical context surrounding the theory. Examples of ‘relational’ art, with an emphasis on the work of Rirkrit Tiravanija, will be examined in context of Bourriaud’s theory in order to compare criticisms of the theory of Relational Aesthetics. These criticisms include: what establishes a work of art as†¦show more content†¦Due to use of the viewer as part of the artwork, boundaries between art and life become blurred, leaving works to appear unfinished (Dohmen, 2013). To some, ‘relationalâ €™ art allowed the audience to regain awareness of their surroundings and of one another, something that had deteriorated in the late 20th century (Smith, 2008, p.c23). Bourriaud coined the term ‘relational aesthetics’ in the catalogue of his 1996 exhibition Traffic, featuring Liam Gillick, Rirkrit Tiravanija, Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster, Phillipe Paranno and Carsten Hà ¶ller, among others. These artists worked within a â€Å"sphere of ‘inter-human relations’† (Baker, 2004, p.50), and works often appeared to meld into one another, as if created by a singular artist. Artists would play with museum conventions, using the exhibition as a medium, conducting experiments such as exhibiting off-site works and changing the exhibition throughout its duration (Bishop, 2012, p.207). This kind of work has been regarded as nothing new, drawing comparisons to the Fluxus group and other artists in the 1960s. Although, what may defend its significance, according to Bishop (2004), is the shift away from food as form and towards using food as stimuli for audience involvement and interaction. Bourriaud considers these participatory m odels as a

Political Campaign Free Essays

As the political campaign manager for Oprah’s Presidential campaign in 2012, I follow the five basic management functions: planning, leading, organizing, control, and staffing. Each of those functions will be important roles to the different divisions I have created. The staff and volunteers that will help the campaign are hard working people that enjoy working, have self-control and are trustworthy, like Theory Y people. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Campaign or any similar topic only for you Order Now All decision-makings will be a team effort. Meaning each department is able to have a say so we can find the best solution. The department consists of scheduling, field, finance, communications, legal, and technology. The people that run the department has the skills and experience to know what will work for this campaign. I trust they will do what is best for the campaign. Each department will have their own set of volunteers and their own objective to reach our goal, to win the Presidential campaign, if not at least let everyone know who Oprah is and what she stands for. The scheduling department is responsible for Oprah and her campaign to have full exposure in the public eye so the voters know who she is. The team will arrive to events before the candidate to make sure everything is in order. As the campaign manager, I am responsible for scheduling, planning events for Oprah to attend, managing her personal and campaign schedule, and the schedules of all the coordinators. The coordinators will be in charge of their staff and volunteers. Also part of the scheduling department is event planners Nate Berkus and Peter Walsh. They are responsible for addressing Oprah’s purpose and message, in meeting formats including seminars, conferences, trade shows, executive retreats, incentive programs, golf events, and conventions (Hard). They will make sure the location, food, and people, are set to come and enjoy. In the field department, there is Laura Berman, the organizer, Gayle King, our volunteer coordinator, and Mark Consuelos, the GOTV (Get out the vote) coordinator. Laura is responsible for organizing the jobs such as making phone calls, sponsoring a coffee or brunch, putting up yard signs, typing, mailing address envelopes, computers, distributing brochures, driving, giving rides, registering voters, etc. Gayle is responsible for recruiting volunteers. Each volunteer will â€Å"fill out a volunteer card with their name, address, ask if [they are] able to make a contribution and if not how they can help (Gray 244). The purpose of this is to keep track of who we have volunteering and making sure they get the right recognition when the campaign is over. Gayle and Laura oversee the volunteers and make sure jobs are assigned to the right people. They both have to plan out how to distribute their good volunteers throughout the different areas and consistently check up on the volunteers, making sure work is getting done. As the coordinators, Laura and Gayle have to avoid bruising egos and prevent bad days. Mark’s job is to plan the GOTV efforts. He will work with volunteers and his team has to encourage those who have not registered to vote. They have to explain to non-registered voters why their votes are important. Recruiting the right people is very important. Some of the traits they should have are alert to social environment, cooperative, persistent, adaptable to situations, ambitious, willing to assume responsibility, achievement oriented, energetic and dependable (Dessler 273). Once volunteers are establish, they will go through a brief orientation about our campaign and will receive a job description from the departments. They will choose which they prefer. Suze Orman will be the financial coordinator and is charge of money and fund-raising. She has to prepare a budget and see how to get the money for each budget item. Suze will be maintaining a balance sheet of all the expenses the campaign is charging for the necessary things such as, headquarter rent, stationery and envelopes, office supplies, postage, printing of the brochures, maps, etc. She will also have to keep up with the operating budget for the departments, making sure they are staying to the budget they receive. As the financial coordinator, she has to spend as little as possible on the necessary item because more money will be needed in advertising. Suze will also be responsible for raising the money, but she won’t do it herself. Under her will be Jean Chatzky, the fund-raiser coordinator, who will work with Nate and Peter, the event planners, to plain a fund-raising event. The fund-raising event would be a high-priced sit-down dinner with Oprah. Another fund-raising technique it to send out e-mail messages to potential donors asking for money. The volunteers will be asked that for every event they work, to ask for donations. Every cent will make a difference. The communications department oversees both the press relations and advertising. They are responsible getting out the campaign’s message and image. Press releases, advertisements, phone scripts, mailing list, and other forms of communication have to go through this department before they are released to the public. People working in this department include press secretary, who monitors the media, manage the campaign’s relations with the press, set up interviews between the candidate and reporters, brief the press at press conferences, and perform tasks that involves in press relations (â€Å"Campaign Staff Training and Jobs†). Another person working in the department is Marianne Williamson, the rapid response director, who makes sure that the campaign responds quickly to the attacks from the other campaigns. The staff constantly monitors the media and the moves of their opponents, making sure that attacks are rebutted quickly. There are two other people part of this department, the political consultants and the professional speech writers. The political consultants will advice Oprah throughout her campaign when she needs it. The speechwriters are there to help Oprah give a great speech from her and not from someone else. Volunteers will be making, folding, and sending out letters, making signs and posting them everywhere and they will also be making many phone calls to the general public. The legal and technology department are self-explanatory departments that requires many staff members. The legal department will have dozens of lawyers and treasurers making sure that the campaign’s activities are consistent with the law and also make sure that the campaign files have the appropriate forms with government authorities. They are also responsible for tracking the finances, such as bank reconciliations, loans and donations (â€Å"Campaign Staff Training and Jobs†). The technology department has armies of computer professionals spread throughout state or country handling the website’s designs and maintains the campaign technology such as Voter File, blogs, and databases. They will oversee the online forums, and help create â€Å"buzz† worthy news about Oprah. As Oprah’s Presidential campaign manager, I work with all five departments to make sure we get out Oprah’s message across America. I am a participative leader with an authoritative and democratic style, because I believe that problems should be solve with everyone who is involve. Making sure everyone is staying to the plan and creating a great team with 100% participation and communication with each other. You could say I follow the situational leadership model. It is not just I who will be affected but also everyone who worked hard to get to where we will be. Each department interlace with one another. Not one department is left alone to do all the work. The departments are divided into a smaller area to create a flat organization. Everyone who is part of this campaign has their own skills that will have a great effort on one another. With the help of the many volunteers, I believe we will have a successful campaign. How to cite Political Campaign, Essay examples

Price of Unethical Behavior The Case of Tyco International Sample

Question: Discuss that how the spending and loans went for so long? Answer: Introduction Historical Scenario: Kozlowski who was the CEO used very aggressive loom towards attaining acquisitions as well as mergers while his tenure. For choosing broad of the directors in the firm he just picked own mates and composed firms entire corporate governance scheme (Boylan, 2001). In the year 1999, after the stock split, some rumors started spreading about the firms accounting habits. It also was supposed that Tyco actually was producing very irregular economic or financial accounts. Later Tycos scandal took place in the year 2002 when board of the directors launched proper investigation regarding their members wrong behavior. Then, Kozlowski and all his friends were forced to resign from the post and also they were dragged to court. Kozlowski plus Swartz (CFO) were suspected for thieving $170 million from Tyco international as well as deceitfully selling additional $430 million from the stock options ('Tyco International Ltd', 2001). Even, Kozlowski plus some board of the directors were accused in mis using of the Tyco fund for fulfillment of some private needs as well as were also cited for the conflict of the interest problems. Discussion How the spending and loans went for so long: Tyco actually was never run in any structured way and also the firm did not have any proper system for fraud check. Even as the firm ballooned to $36 billion massive company with somewhat over 200,000 staffs, Kozlowski permitted just a relative handful of the trusted lieutenants towards working with him in the operations undertaken at Tyco's headquarters. Tyco also once indicated lean management scheme which was unable to keep a watch on the staffs of the firm (Stephens, Vance Pettegrew, 2012). Neither any president was not appointed nor was any experts hired. Just some top managers were handpicked, assuring that they belong to the CEOs mold. But such cunning structure cannot be any proper excuse for seemingly obstinate blindness that was exercised by the key players in the firm. Most egregious breakdown of the oversight was the Tyco's board that consisted of the directors belonging to the CEOs friendliest. Another reason was that all the care and control on the information and data were handled by the CEO himself and he was the one most corrupted (Paliwal, 2006). Outcomes of the event: Because of the unethical problems that were observed in the firm, Tyco International faced many other problems like problems with its sustainability, reliability and many more. Also the firm lost its most effective and beneficial customer base and faced much loss as well. Tyco was almost ruined by such unethical leaders. From such perspective, it also can be said that ethics in this firm played the most crucial role for sustaining the organization (Paine, 2000). Being a firm devoid of ethical conducts, Tyco did not last for longer time and soon lost its reputation. Embezzling fund and bribery as well as accounting fraud even were the issues which were the results of the scandal that took place at Tyco international. All such problems were also very unethical and totally ruined the firms reputation in the market. The scandal even breached some ethical theories. As a result for issues such as accounting fraud and unethical behavior, the firm later took some strict actions (Moon, 2001). These actions taken comprised of improved corporate governance, application of extra conservative accounting scheme to replace pattern of the aggressive accounting which was adopted earlier and which proved to be non-beneficial for the firm. Justification of the Punishment: The punishment that was decided against the managers and unethical leaders in Tyco, involved the embezzlement as well as fraud and this was totally justified. Un-ethicality is never ever a thing to be accepted or forgiven (Kaplan, 2009). The managers misrepresented the responsibility and authority given to them, they misused their power and robbed millions and millions of money from the firms fund and also used to satisfy themselves and fulfill their personal needs and demands. The CEO and other leaders in the firm ignored shareholders interest and also never considered customers as vital part of the business. They also withdrew vast amount of money from firms account and used them for private belongings. These leaders took great amount of money as loans plus bonus, knowing that these funds can be properly diverted to some different advantageous project that will be beneficial for the firm and its staffs as well. The punishment in reality can be said to be very lenient, if their frau d and degree of misconduct will be considered. The firm can even get collapsed if this was not controlled on time. Thus the punishment needed to be harsher (Duska, 2000). Ethical breaches: Ethical breaches are actually very common in the firms. However, it becomes extra difficult for people to anyhow realize that they are getting engaged into unethical carryout. Yes, they realize but by the time its too late. People also at times find themselves getting involved into unlawful practices within firms just because of their decision to properly adopt the specific corporate culture which they find in the particular firm. Generally there is a vast gap amid ones beliefs and eventual actions that are taken (Cory, 2005). The corporate culture actually determines the way in which staffs act and behave as well as think at the time of performing several different actions as well as while undertaking many responsibilities in the firm. In the pace of getting devoted to work and adaption the culture in the firm, people generally fall down in the court where they find themselves performing some unethical and unlawful actions. At times people willingly indulge un-ethicality but its not always the situation (Carroll Buchholtz, 2003). Conclusion: The scandal caused shares value to lower down drastically and also made all the workers breathless. Kozlowski actually went to the enormous lengths for keeping the directors in dark and this was the mistake of the directors that they never interfered. References Boylan, M. (2001). Business ethics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2003). Business society. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Cory, J. (2005). Activist business ethics. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Duska, R. (2000). Business Ethics: Oxymoron or Good Business?. Business Ethics Quarterly, 10(1), 111. doi:10.2307/3857699 Kaplan, D. (2009). Koz makes his case. Moon, C. (2001). Business ethics. London: Economist. Paine, L. (2000). Does Ethics Pay?. Business Ethics Quarterly, 10(1), 319. doi:10.2307/3857716 Paliwal, M. (2006). Business ethics. New Delhi: New Age International. Stephens, W., Vance, C., Pettegrew, L. (2012). Embracing ethics and morality. Tyco International Ltd. (2001). World Pumps, 2001(415), 5. doi:10.1016/s0262-1762(01)80116-4

History Of The Automobile Essays - American Brands, Steam Car, Car

History of the Automobile History of the Automobile Automobiles are one of the most important and prominent inventions possibly ever created. Without automobiles our lives would be completely changed and different. Automobiles changed the way people traveled and lived. Without cars there would be no drive-ins, drive-thru fast food restaurants, and shopping centers. People depend on their cars whether they're earning their living, or traveling to their dream vacation spot. The United States is the leading producer of automobiles and is often called the "Nation On Wheels." The U.S has become very dependent on cars for transportation. Racing automobiles is also a very popular sport which attracts millions of enthusiasts nation-wide. Whether it's a local race track, or a huge Nascar track, people love racing and the thrill, and also the danger. The history of automobiles is a long, and laborious one. From the first self propelled road vehicle created in the 1790's, to the modern road machine of today, it hasn't been an easy road to follow (no pun intended) for the automobile. Many people mocked the car, and you used to hear the phrase "Get a horse" a lot back when cars were first mass produced. Even with these vicissitudes, the automobile has overcome these hardships to become one of the most required inventions ever assembled. The steam car was the first road vehicle that could travel by themselves, even though they had a top speed of a whopping 3 miles per hour, and had to stop every 10 to 15 minutes to build up steam. The first vehicle that could carry passengers was produced until 1801. These steam carriages annoyed people very much by being noisy, dirty, and by frightening horses. Many american inventors tampered with steam automobiles such as J.N Carhart, Richard Dudgeon, and Sylvester H. Roper, but the most sucessful were the Stanley twins, Francis E. and Freelan O. The electric car was actually popular in America in the late 1890's and early 1900's. One of America's pioneer electric cars was built in about 1890 by William Morrison in Des Moines Iowa. People liked the electric car because it was easy to operate, ran quietly, and didn't excrete putrid fumes. But of course there were drawbacks like you couldn't go over 20 miles per hour and the battery had to be recharged constantly. For these reasons the electric car was replaced by the gasoline engine. The general design of modern automobiles was developed in France. Emile Levassor and Rene Panhard built their first cars in 1890 using a Daimler engine. These cars used chains like those found in bicycles to carry the engine's power to the back wheels. Many American inventors experimented with gasoline powered vehicles in the early 1890's. Many claimed that they were the first to design and build sucessfully a automobile. Most pioneers of the automobile later became famous in the industry. The creation of the first auto assembly line was caused by a fire that destroyed the Olds Motor Works in Detroit. This caused Olds to sign contracts with the owners of small machine shops to manufacture many parts for his cars. With this method, the company built 425 cars in 1901, 3750 in 1902, and 500 in 1903. Most car companies followed the Olds company by using mass production. Henry M. Leland, president of the Cadillac Automobile Company developed the concept of using interchangeable parts. This was a big step because the interchangeable parts could be used to assemble or repair any car of the same model. Henry Ford's goal was a low-priced car that many people in all walks of life could afford. The outcome of his goal: The Model T. It sold for $850, but Ford installed a moving assembly line in his factory and they could then produce a car in a hour and a half which then caused the car to be sold for $400, the lowest price of any automobile. Over 15 million were sold. During the 1920's it was a race between Ford and GM. They were the leading producers of cars at that time. By 1937, GM was producing about 35% of the worlds automobiles. Design changed a lot during 1920's. Body lines became more graceful and the closed car became popular. Engines became more powerful and quieter and many other improvements came during this period. During World War 2 production of cars for civilians almost halted because the factories were being used for military supplies. After WW2, more improvements were made and foreign cars became more popular. Today 41 millions vehicles are produced every year in which one third come from the U.S Gasoline shortages and

Aquarium Essays - Zoology, Nervous System, Arthropod, Animal, Insect

Aquarium Essays - Zoology, Nervous System, Arthropod, Animal, Insect Aquarium Organism 1,2,3,6,7,8,9 and 10 are from the phylum Chordata. All Chordates shared four major characteristics; a notochord, which provides a skeletal support, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, which develop into the central nerve system, pharyngeal slits, which are openings in the pharynx that develop into gills, and a post-anal tail. Organism 2,7 and 8 are the phylum Mollusca. The animals in this category share many characteristics which are bilateral symmetry,two cell layers, tissues and organs, lack a cavity, posses a through gut with a mouth and anus monomeric and highly variable bodies, may posses shell and calcareous spicules, has a nervous system with a circum-oesophageal ring, ganglia and paired nerve chords, open circulatory systems with a heart and an aorta, has gaseous exchange organs called ctenidial gills, reproduce sexually, feed on a wide variety of materials and live in most environments. Organism 4 is an Arthropoda. Arthropods have a body covered in chitinous cuticle that hardens into an exoskeleton, composed of somites (Metamerism), jointed appendages, ventral nerve cord with ganglia at each segment, open circulatory system and a bilateral symmetric body. Most Arthropods reproduce sexually; however some insects are parthenogenetic. Organism 4 was Porifera. Poriferans are commonly sponges which are sedentary by nature, most of them are marine sponges, cylindrical, have radial symmetry, have a body wall called a diploblastic, their middle layer has various wandering amoebocytes, have many ostia on their body, feed on minute organisms and small organic particles which enter the body through the oscula, have exoskeletons, secrete mainly ammonia, and asexual reproduction takes place by budding or sexual reproduction take place through internal fertilization. Organism 5 and 9 are Cnidaria. Cnidarian organisms are radially symmetrical, have bodies with internal cavity and a mouth, reproduction is sexual or asexual, has a simple net-like nervous system, has a distinct larval stage which planktonic, live in aquatic environments, mostly carnivores otherwise filter feeders, and have minimal skeleton of chiton or calcium carbonate. Organism 6 is echinodermata. These organisms free living, exclusively marine forms, larvae are bilaterally symmetrical while the adults are radially symmetrical, have bodies represented by a central disc covered by ossicles with spines called pedicularia, disc may bear extensions called arms, have a complete digestive system, have a water vascular system, posses tube feet for locomotion and respiration as well as feeding, has a central nervous sytem ring with five radiating nerves, sexual reproduction, development is indirect, and posses an ability to regenerate. For organism 3, the subphylum is Crustacea. Crustacea are primarily aquatic arthropods, but also include terrestrial forms, which have a cephalothorax covered by a carapace. They also have mandible mouthparts, gills for respiration, antennae, and biramous appendages.

Andrew jacks and William Henry Harrison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Andrew jacks and William Henry Harrison - Essay Example Apparently, the circumstances surrounding the United States during that period were similar. Both of these presidents were born during a time when the United States was under the British colonial rulership. This translates to the fact that both Jackson and Harrison were aware of the struggle towards independence, which was of critical importance to the kind of leadership they exercised. Before rising to the presidential positions, both Jackson and Harrison had held numerous positions in the government that served to prepare them for presidency. Jackson was the seventh president of the United States, and took office in 1829. He set the record for being the first democrat to occupy the white house, making him a pace setter for the democratic affiliation that has become stronger over the years. He remained in office for two terms. During his terms, he redefined the executive powers accorded to the president (Brands 14). The previous presidents had operated much like chief administrators, but he expanded such mandate to the level of the popular tribune. He participated in the revolutionary war, a factor that helped him to understand the type of freedom that American needed. He ascended to office during a time when America was struggling to register economic growth, but taxation on the roads and high import taxes were major setbacks. His introduction of subsidies in the transportation process, and importation protective tariffs defined his initial policies in presidency (Gunderson 34). Jackson also contributed to the ‘bank war’ policies that surrounded the charter accorded to the Second Bank of the United States. He extended the charter past the preset expiry date, and transferred the federal state’s deposits to a bank chartered by the state a year later. This action triggered a financial crisis that culminated into a full-blown depression in the years that followed

Explain the relevance of segmentation to the 21st century business of Essay

Explain the relevance of segmentation to the 21st century business of your choice - Essay Example New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. 10 Cant, M., Strydom, W., Jooste, C., and du Plessis, P. 2009. Marketing Management. Cape Twon: Juta and Company Ltd. 10 Dibb, S and Simkin, L. 2013. Market Segmentation Success: Making It Happen! New York: Routledge. 10 Duening,T., Hisrich, R and Lechter, M. 2009. Technology Entrepreneurship: Creating, Capturing, and Protecting Value. Waltham: Academic Press. 11 Hill, C and Jones, G. 2012. Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. Belmont: Cengage Learning. 11 Jones, C. 2013. Apple's Stock Awards Value Has More Than Doubled Over The Past Three Years. [online] Forbes. Available at: [Accessed 20 October 2010]. 11 McDonald, M. 2012. Market Segmentation: How to Do It and How to Profit from It. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 11 Mohr, J., Sengupta, S and Slater, S. 2010. Marketing of High-technology Products and Innovations. Missoula: Jakki Mohr. 11 Sigal, M. 2010. Apple's segmentation strategy, and the folly of conventional wisdom: Ten years after a n iPod powered rebirth, Apple's run continues unabated. [online] O’Reilly Radar. ... Managers of the marketing departments in most businesses have come up with ingenious ways of ensuring the marketing works, and the business makes profits. Market segmentation is the strategy that has been proven to work miracles in the world's business. The strategy is based on dividing the various clients or customers of the business into various groups. Consumers with the same specifications and needs are grouped together. This makes it easy to address the needs, requirements and issues the clients in the various groups may have (Elsevier, 2002). Market Segmentation in Technology Businesses Market segmentation is one of the best marketing strategies know today. This strategy categorizes clients in different groups making it easy for the companies to address their client needs. In that situation, businesses benefit from increased sales and profitability. Marketing segmentation also has benefits to the consumers. Their needs are well addressed according to their specifications. The i nformation technology industry is comprised of programming, computing, data processing, telecommunications, gaming, networking, the Internet and applications. The information technology industry is different from all the others in several ways. However, targeting potential clientele and segmentation of the market is all the same. For proper market segmentation, the businesses have to do the following. To divide all possible customers into groups: The first thing a technology manufacturer or service provider is to determine the target markets. This should be done according to demographics, geographical, psychological and perception and behavioural variables. The company should also

European imperialism was sometimes supported by the claim that it was Essay

European imperialism was sometimes supported by the claim that it was part of a civilizing mission to other parts of the world. Construct a historical argument - Essay Example Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is partially autobiographical in that it depicts an actual six month journey by Joseph Conrad up the Congo River where he commandeered a steamboat following the death of the Captain in 1890.1 Conrad himself is quoted as having said: Although European colonialism can be traced back to the 13th century the colonizing of Africa began in Africa in earnest around the mid to late 19th century.3 With the transformation from the Victorian era to the industrial era, European politics represented colonial exploits as a means of expanding trade, spreading religion and civilizing backward nations.4 Many historians however have countered this theory by offering views that the advances in modern technology that followed the industrial revolution, particularly the advent of the steamboat, made it possible for Europeans to travel to Africa exploiting the land for raw materials and natives for labour.5 In his book, Tools of Empire, Daniel Headrick explains that: Conrad’s Heart of Darkness takes an approach which is vastly similar to Headrick’s theory of European imperialism. In the final analysis European imperialism was no more than a manifestation of a desire for expansion brought on by the greed associated with industrial growth. In the interim this desire gave way to corrupt power and corrupt rule at the expense of the natives and their civilization. Marlow represents the trusting European who has no reason to doubt that the African conquest is no more than a quest to enlighten and improve upon the quality of life of the uncivilized African. During the journey along the Congo however, Marlow slowly comes to the realization that a combination of greed and disease contributes to a demoralizing conquest. One that is characterized by torture and exploitation of African natives for what appears to be one aim, economic growth. The welfare of the native is the

History of Gothic Literature

History of Gothic Literature Composers representations of the Gothic genre havent significantly changed as Gothic characteristics can still be observed in modern texts and films, however, the depiction of these themes have evolved appropriately over time, just as the worldly morals, values and ethical standards have evolved. The social links to the emergence of the Gothic genre, how social and moral standards were being defined and the portrayal of themes that have altered due to changes in attitudes towards the characteristics that define Gothic literature are some aspects of the Gothic texts that can be observed.[G1][G2][G3] The emergence of the Gothic genre was a rejection of the oppressive state and artificiality of the Enlightenment (1685-1815). Edgar Allan Poes text, The Haunted Palace (1839), textually mirrors the effect that the Enlightenment had on the European and Western society. Once a fair and stately palace. But evil things, in robes of sorrows, Assailed ÂÂ   , implies, using visual imagery and personifying robes of sorrows, that the beautiful palace, once filled with joyful spirits, is now home to a hideous throng that laughs without smiling, changing the serene atmosphere into[G4] uncomfortable eeriness. The texts link to the Enlightenment as it was a[G5] core contribution to societys reformation to a constitutional and structured civilisation, governed by scientific thinking and reasoning. However, ethical standards were suffocating, resulting in the establishment of a counter-reformation, the Gothic era. The representation of the Gothic genre is observed through composers relaxed app ropriation of[G6] traditional Gothic characteristics and setting them into modern contexts. Tim Burtons Gothic film, Batman (1989), depicts the social situations of the time, specifically the fear caused by AIDS and juxtaposed hope caused by the fall of the Berlin wall. Its not who I am underneath, but what I do that defines me, textually foreshadows the actions of Batman, however, it also depicts the figurative walls built due to the stigma surrounding AIDS sufferers and the literal wall of Berlin being torn down due to gained liberation for Germany. Society in the 1980s was greatly influenced by the fear of AIDS and the suffocating stigma surrounding it, causing sufferers to be isolated from their community, much like Batman, as the disease itself didnt discriminate, only the people who discriminated against it. However, it was not until 1989, when the fall of the Berlin wall, a symbol of segregation and discrimination since 1961, was torn down. This, like the emergence of the Got hic era, signified the hope for a future where society wouldnt be controlled by misconceptions and stereotypes, consequently isolating individuals from the world around them. Due to the secularism of the Enlightenment, the Gothic movement set about to revive religious and supernatural beliefs. Although Edgar Allan Poe mightnt have been incredibly pious, shown in his texts that are often written from an aesthetic worldview, it can be identified in his works, personal values set upon just morals and righteous ethics. In Poes text, The Raven (1845), Poe enquiries after the existence of a supernatural power,[G7] is there balm in Gilead? , in which the Raven, who symbolises Poes mentality and the impending doom, replies with Nevermore. The refusal to a heavenly cure Poe was seeking, caused the mood of the text to change to that of utter despair as he abandons hope that he may see his Lenore again. During the Enlightenment, the social instability, much like Poes fall into insanity, led to political schisms, religious wars, heresy trials and witch burnings, meaning that the underlying tone of the Enlightenment was really that of chaos and lack of stability and ethics. In contrast, society has converted back to national secularism, separating religion from the state and beliefs from believers. In Burtons film, Dark Shadows (2012), the portrayal of religion is not explicitly mentioned in the film, however, the existence of the supernatural is explored.[G8] You must have faithfor if a man can become a monster, then a monster can become a man, is an allegory of presupposed evil that is not always just found in the actions of monsters, but in the hearts of man. However, if Poe has turned his back on God, and Burton has turned his back on men, what is left for the world to believe in? Secularism, thats what[G9][G10]. The portrayal of the Gothic theme of insanity has changed over time due to the change of attitude. In Poes text, The Tell-Tale Heart (1843), the narrator portrays the recurring Gothic motif of deterioration of ones sanity. such a sound as a watch makes when enveloped in cotton but the noise steadily increased, uses auditory imagery to depict the mental decline of the narrator after committing murder. The perception of insanity and madness was viewed negatively, disconnecting the mental illness from its human counterpart, dehumanising those suffering from mental illnesses and to be ostracised from society, often deemed lunatics. The representation of Gothic themes was changed to depict it into a more humorous portrayal of the dark genre. Burtons film, Batman (1989), depicts characters encased in their own insanity. I am the worlds first fully-functioning homicidal artist, juxtaposes the creativity of an artist and destruction of a murderer to create the dysfunctional[G11][G12] charact er, the Joker. Burton has used this as a means of humour but still portraying the seriousness of mental illnesses that causes an unbalanced psychological state as it reflects Jokers fears of the reality of living between a man and monster. In comparing the two texts, it is evident that the theme insanity has remained relatively constant, disregarding the humour intended in many modern Gothic texts. The Gothic genre was a literary outlet to reject the oppressive state of a society governed by the scientific reasoning and ethics of the Enlightenment.[G13] Poe and Burton both textually represented the state of their society, rejecting social standards by creating fictional worlds drawing a fine line between reality and fiction.

Inherit the Wind- Freedom to Think Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inherit the Wind, based on the famous â€Å"Scopes Monkey Trial† in the small town Dayton, Tennessee, was written by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee. The play was not intended to depict the actual history or the proceedings in the Scopes’ trial but it was used as a vehicle for exploring social anxiety and ant-intellectualism that existed in the Americas during the1950s. Lawrence and Lee wrote the play as a response to the threat to intellectual freedom presented by the anti-Communist hysteria of the McCarthy era. The major themes depicted in the Inherit the Wind include the intellectual curiosity, narrow-mindedness or limited perception, the importance of religion, and the relationship between the perception of others and self-worth portrayed by the characters in the play. The characters include Henry Drummond, Matthew Harrison Brady, E.K Hornbeck, Bert Cates and Rachel Brown; they represented the ideas and ways of thinking that existed then and no w.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inherit the Wind took place in the small town of Hillsboro in which ‘the time was not too long ago.’ Bert Cates, a young teacher, who is imprisoned in the jail for teaching evolution to his high school biology class. The Reverend’s daughter and Cate’s fiancà ©e, Rachel, urges Cates to tell the town what he did was wrong and he is sorry; however, the town firmly believes that Cates is wrong and awaiting for Matthew Harrison Brady to come to town to prosecute Cates. Brady is a three time presidential candidate and firm believer in the Bible. The town hung a banner â€Å"Read your Bible† on courthouse and paraded the streets enthusiastically singing â€Å"Give me that old-time religion† when Brady arrives into town. Also arriving in Hillsboro, is E.K Hornbeck of the Baltimore Herald, who is cynical reporter and comments on everything. Hornbeck informs Brady that he will be arguing against Henry Drummond in court. The town see s Drummond as the devils advocate. Drummond arrives in town with little notice and is shunned by the people in town. In the course of the trial, Brady starts out confidently and chooses witnesses who profess strong religious belief. Brady calls for Rachel to be on the witness stand and twists her words about what Cates has told her. Meanwhile, the judge excludes all Drummond’s scientific witness on the grounds of evolution itself is not on trial. D... ...will appeal the case; however, his victory is setting an example for others who choose to think. It will make it easier for the next person. Cates finds a new life with Rachel away from the small town Hillsboro. The trial in Hillsboro is an allegory for the situation in the 1950s. In the 50’s, the government condemns people who supported Communism; thus leading to the censorious climate of McCarthyism. In addition to the witch-hunt and anti-Communist hysteria, regional conflicts between northern and southern states in the east of America. Laurence and Lee wrote the play to parallel some of conflicts of idea and subtly review them to the people. It was the method of exploring the major themes in the theses conflicts between intellectuals and believers, thinkers vs. narrow mindedness, and the relationship between the perception of others and self worth. Ultimately, Inherit the Wind encourages the right to think and the freedom of thought. In the attacking the value of free thought and speech upon which this country is built, nothing is obtained just like the situation in which Brady attacks his own house and inherits the wind—nothing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Gloria Anzaldua’s Aztlan: the Homeland

In her essay La Frontera, Gloria Anzaldua provides a detailed history of the persecution of the Chicano settlers of the U. S. Southwest at the hands of their Anglo oppressors. Anzaldua refers to the Aztlan, the borderlands between the United States and Mexico encompassing parts of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, as a â€Å"vague and undetermined place created by the emotional residue of an unnatural boundary†¦the prohibited and forbidden are its inhabitants†¦the squint-eyed, the perverse, the queer, the troublesome†. I find the author’s utilization of the word queer to describe the Aztlan peoples particularly interesting, as it draws a recognizable parallel between the historical struggles of Chicanos with the enduring tribulations of the LGBTQ community in modern America. Anzaldua accuses â€Å"The Gringo†¦the fiction of white superiority† of â€Å"seizing complete power, stripping Indians and Mexicans of their land while their feet were still rooted in it† and even goes so far as to make mention of â€Å"Anglo terrorism†. The author’s characterizations of the oppressive actions of the political-ruling white class towards the Chicano people can just as easily be applied to recent legislation crafted by several right-leaning politicians that serves only to strip LGBTQ individuals of their civil rights and to designate said persons as second class citizens. These statutes include the recently invalidated Proposition 8 here in California as well as the Federal Defense of Marriage Act, which would have forbidden gay couples from enjoying the same marriage benefits as heterosexual spouses, current state laws or constitutional amendments in 35 states that define marriage as being exclusively between a man and a woman, and current anti-sodomy laws aimed squarely at gay couples in 13 states that remain on the books despite such laws being outlawed by the US Supreme Court 10 years ago. Such anti-gay legislation is similar in prejudicial and persecutory scope as recent anti-immigration legislation enacted in Arizona and Alabama that seeks to intrude on the civil rights of Latin Americans in those states, who face imprisonment and deportation for non-compliance. As described by Anzaldua, the continuous berating of the Chicano people, â€Å"faceless, nameless, invisible, taunted with hey cucaracho and mojado† is ll too similar to the constant torment faced by members of the LGBTQ community by intolerant members of the oppressive majority, such as being verbally assaulted as â€Å"fags†, â€Å"queers†, â€Å"homos†, and much worse. Gloria Anzaldua eloquently equates the Chicano struggles with their Anglo imperial masters in the Aztlan with the LGBTQ struggle for civil rights in modern American society, and unfortunately, these fights will have to both continue to be waged will into the foreseeable future.

Local Anaesthetic Agents †Anatomy Research Paper

Local Anaesthetic Agents – Anatomy Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Local anaesthetic molecules are made of an aromatic group linked to a basic side chain by an ester or amide bond. The side chain is basic because it is made of a secondary or tertiary amino derivatives. This typical structure is demonstrated by lignocaine, as shown in the adjacent diagram. These molecules are therefore weak bases, with pKa values in the range of 8-9, so they mainly exist as ions in body fluids at physiological pH. The only exception is benzocaine, where the amino group is attached directly to the aromatic side chain. Local anaestheics act by reversibly binding to the S6 transmembrane helical segment on any of the four domains of the sodium voltage-gated channel. The S6 segment possesses a binding site accesible only from the cytosol, therby physically blocking the entry of sodium ions into the axoplasm. As a result, the inward sodium current upon neuron excitation cannot exceed the outward potassium current, the membrane cannot be depolarised to threshold and an action potential cannot be initiated. This is effective only when the anaesthetic is in its ionised quartenary form. Therefore, the compound must be able to penetrate the hydrophobic lipid-rich axon membrane (and myelin sheath, if present) to act effectively; only the electrically neutral form of the anaesthetic can do so. Once in the water-rich axoplasm, the anaesthetic ionises, and subsequent binding is hence possible. Thus, it is the coexistance of the neutral and protonated forms of the anaesthetic in solution that allows for the â₠¬Å"bypassing† of the axolemma and the relatively rapid targeting of the voltage-gated sodium channels. Another beneficial feature of anaesthetics attributed to their mechanism of action is their preferential blocking of pain and autonomic neurons, while sparing those involved with coarse touch and movement. Myelinated neurons have a higher surface density of voltage-gated channels than the axolemma of unmyelinated neurons; therefore, they are less likely to be blocked when exposed to the same dosage level of anaesthetic. Axons with larger diameters are also less likely to be blocked than ones of smaller diameter because they can conduct passively over longer distances. Since nociceptive impulses are carried by A? (small myelinated) and C (unmyelinated) fibres, pain sensation is blocked more readily than other sensory modalities. Although all neurons in the region of anaesthetic introduction will be affected to a certain extent when considering the practical anaesthetic dosages used during surgery, this mode of action nevertheless ensures that the patient does not experience sensations of pain. Numerous varietes of anaesthetics show use-dependence: the more channels are open, the greater the block becomes. This is because the entry of the blocking agents is more probable with an open channel, that possesses a wider pore. Furthermore, due to the shape of the anaesthetic molecule, the equilibrium between the closed and inactivated states of the channel will be in favour of the inactivated state in the presence of the anaesthetic, thereby greatly reducing the probability of the initiation and propagation of action potentials. Since touch, pressure and pain sensory-neurons in the anaesthetised region will relay a train of action potentials during surgery, they are the most likely to be blocked as their voltage-gated channels will cycle through open and inactivated states. This mechanism contributes greatly to the overall blocking effect of the anaesthetic. Drug solubility and the presence of either an ester or amide bond are important factors when considering the required rate of onset and duration of anaesthesia. Ester-linked local anaesthetics, such as anethocaine, are rapidly hydrolysed by both plasma and liver cholinesterases, and so have a short biological-half life and blocking duration (about one hour). Amide-linked anaesthetics, such as lignocaine, can only be metabolised in the liver by N-dealkylation, and the resultant metabolites themselves are often anaethetically active. They are therfore more widely used due to their longer blocking duration (about 2 hours). Anaesthetic solubility can also be a determining factor when choosing an anaesthetic. Benzocaine is an unusual local anaesthetic of very low solubility, and so is used as a dry powder to dress painful skin ulcers: the drug is slowly released and produces long-lasting surface anaesthesia. Lignocaine, on the other hand, is often utilised in the form of its acid salt (us ually with hydrochloric acid) and so can be injected in an aqueous form during epidural and spinal anaestheisa for a rapid blocking effect. Lastly, all local anaesthetics used are stable when heated. This is necessary to ensure that sterilisation of the anaesthetic prior to introduction into the body is effective and does not alter the anaesthetic’s binding efficacy to sodium voltage-gated channels. Although local anaesthetics are administered in such a way as to minimise their spread to other parts of the body, they are ultimately absorbed into systemic circulation. Furthermore, local anaesthetics may be injected into veins or arteries by accident. The major unwanted side effect that may occur systemic toxicity, the risk of which increases when higher doses and larger areas are involved. Thus, they are capable of interfering with normal central nervous system function. At low doses, the main effect of the anaesthetic on the CNS is stimulation: this produces restlessness, tremor, and subjective effects ranging from confusion to extreme agitation. Higher doses can cause the tremors to progress to severe convulsions, and even higher doses produce CNS depression. The main threat to life at this stage comes from respiratory depression, because of the anaesthetic’s depression of the respiratory centre and/or phrenic nerve. To reduce the possibility of such effects from occurri ng, a cuff may be used to reduce anaesthetic systemic spread when introduced in the upper limb, or by introducing vasoconstrictors such as adrenalin and felypressin when dealing with the thorax. The risk of systemic toxicity is present if the cuff is released prematurely, or if the dosage of vasoconstrictor is to low. The only exception to this rule is cocaine, which produces euphoria at doses well below those that cause convulsions due to its specific blocking effect on monoamine uptake. Procaine produces especially prominent unwanted central effects, which is a reason for its replacement by lignocaine and prilocaine, whose central effects are much less pronounced. Local anaesthetics commonly affect the cardiovascular system when present in systemic circulation. They have negative chonotropic and inotropic effects on the heart: by inhibiting the inward sodium ion current, anaesthetics decrease the cytosolic concentration of sodium ions in cardiomyocytes, which in turn reduces intracellular calcium ion stores, and this reduces both the frequency and force of contraction. Vasodilatation of arterioles is due to the direct effect of local anaesthetics on vascular smooth muscle and the indirect inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system. The combined myocardial depression and vasodilatation produces a fall in blood pressure, which may be sudden and life threatening. Cocaine is an exception: it produces opposite effects, such as increased cardiac output and arterial pressure, and increased cardiac output because of its ability to inhibit noradrenalin uptake. Another common side effect restricted only to the use of local anaesthetics in spinal and epidural anaesthesia is postoperative urinary retention due to the block of pelvic autonomic outflow. Other side effects are more rare. Hypersensitivity reactions sometimes occur, usually in the form of allergic dermatitis (most frequently during surface anaesthesia in atopic patients), but rarely as an acute anaphylactic reaction. Other unwanted side effects are specific to particular drugs, such as mucosal irritation when applying cocaine, and methaemoglobinaemia when using large doses of prilocaine due to the production of toxic metabolites (the haeme iron is oxidised from the +2 to the +3 state and so cannot bind to oxygen: subsequent symptoms include fatigue, dizziness and cyanosis). This is why prilocaine is rarely used in obstetric analgesia. Research Papers on Local Anaesthetic Agents - Anatomy Research PaperArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Analysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyOpen Architechture a white paperCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on Children

Cell Parts essays

Cell Parts essays A Cell, the basic building block of life, consists of many parts. Cells are microscopic units that make up all living things, and are alive themselves. There are two types of cells, an animal and a plant cell. Plant and animal cells have different parts. Cells have a cell membrane, a nucleus, a nuclear membrane, a nucleolus, and chromosomes. The cell membrane is what gives the cell shape and holds the cytoplasm. The cell membrane is what helps control what moves in and out of the cell. The nucleus is what controls most of the cells activities, so in other words, it is the brain of the cell. Only eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, prokaryotic cells dont. Like a human brain determines how and when your body will move, the nucleus determines how and when proteins will be made. The nucleus also passes traits from parents to offspring. The nucleolus or nucleoli is the cell part that helps make ribosomes. Cells have more than one nucleolus and it is found inside the nucleus. Lastly, the chromosomes are cell parts with information that determines what traits a living thing will have. They are thread like structures that are also found inside the nucleus. These parts can be found in both a plant and animal cell. The cytoplasm is also found in both plant and animal cells. The cytoplasm is the clear jellylike material found between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It is what makes up most of the cell and it is where most of the cells chemical reactions take place. The cytoplasm can be compared to fruit in gelatin or jello. The gelatin would be the cytoplasm and the fruit set inside the gelatin are the several cell parts that are found in the cytoplasm. There are many cell parts inside the cytoplasm, but not all are in both plant and animal cells. In both plant and animal cells you can find vesicles, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria, and the golgi complex or apparatus. The vesicles are what help mo ...

Memo about ap stylebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Memo about ap stylebook - Essay Example For example, all distances should be in figures, using ‘5 miles is better than using five miles. Making this change will make the sentence more appealing to the reader unlike when it is in words. There are some words that are treated as two words, yet they seem better when they are written as one. ‘Under way’ appears better and has a good meaning when it is written as one word; ‘underway’. Additionally, using a general term such as ‘partners’ seems to be better and respectable when referring to a married couple. Husbands and wives is provocative and when it is pronounced it sounds as an offence to the one who is saying it and the people who are listening. The terms ‘husbands’ and ‘wives’ should not be used to refer to the same sex couples. The AP Stylebook should consider doing away with the term ‘illegal immigrant’. This is a loaded term and it is the action of migration that is illegal and not the person. The stylebook should instead advice clearly the action of illegal migration, because it is the controversy and not the person that is explained. Homosexuality is another word that brings many debates. The AP Stylebook describes homosexuality as a ‘sexual orientation’. Revising it to a ‘sexual preference’ sounds better because, preference is what someone likes to do while orientation is simply what you are. There is a need to cover social media guidelines in the AP stylebook. With the increase in user generated journalism pieces, the stylebook is supposed to show how they can secure and authenticate photo captions and some video scripts. AP should recognize Skype, Google Hangout, and flash mobs. It is important for them to develop a platform for communication with the people so that they may tell them and answer some questions or any other revisions made to the stylebook. Many people especially traditionalists have disagreed with some controversial changes that have been made in the past. Communicating

Does the rise of China represent a threat to U.S. national security Essay

Does the rise of China represent a threat to U.S. national security - Essay Example This continual rise in the global power of China is likely to represent a threat to U.S national security as the country tries to replace U.S as the world’s most powerful nation. Since the end of world war and more specifically in the last thirty years, China has recorded a tremendous growth in the size of its economy. The Chinese economy has been growing at a rate of 10%, which is three times to the global average, and as a result, it has grown to be the world’s second largest economy (Randau & Medinskaya 2015, p.15). In addition, it has claimed the top spot in various economic fields and it is actually revolutionizing the norm of the global economic sector. Since 2009 China displaced Germany as the world’s biggest exporter and it has maintained the position ever since. More automobiles are now being made in China than in any other country and at the same time, the economy has the largest market for new cars worldwide. Its automobiles sales have increased tremendously in the last five years and hence it has completely displaced U.S in the field of making and buying of automobiles. China has also grown to become the largest user of energy globally and actually its energy consumption rate is believed to have increased by more than a hundred percent in the last decade (Hinrichs & Kleinbach 2012, p.15).Majority of this huge demand comes from the manufacturing sector of the country which has largely increased and diversified its operations. Additionally because the standards of living of the people have improved, their energy consumption has also increased since they are able to purchase a wide variety of domestic appliances. All these among other factors have contributed to the high rate of Chinese economy and projections show that the growth of the country economically is likely to continue increasing in the forthcoming years. It has actually been predicted that by 2020, China will be the largest economy in all spheres and U.S is likely to

Project evaluation report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project evaluation report - Essay Example In the past few years the online business and e-commerce platforms have changed traditional business practices. The new online business arrangements are becoming more reliable and simple to use to attract a large number of people for online shopping and deals. In this scenario, the web based platforms are offering an excellent support for improving the quality of traditional business working and operations (Dix et al., 2003; Turban et al., 2005; Whitten et al., 2000). This report presents a detailed analysis of a new website idea. This website is about presenting multimedia material for public. The basic idea of this website is to develop an e-commerce business. This website will contain a wide variety of contents which can be viewed and downloaded by the website users. This report covers an evaluation of a web site: http://a-alfuhaid.com/. This report will present an analysis of some of the important web site features and aspects. This report will also assess aims, objectives, requi rements, and design and application level aspects of http://a-alfuhaid.com/. Aim and Objectives The word multimedia is composed of two words in which â€Å"Multi† denotes a lot of and â€Å"Media† denotes presentation of any form of information. So we can say that multimedia is exhibition of some form of information in any format. ... In this scenario, interactive multimedia can also encompass many forms of multimedia including graphics, text, animation, video and sound in the way we want (Brown & Hurt, 2004; Net Industries, 2011; Wenger, 2008). Moreover, the multimedia is mostly used in the entertainment and the fine arts inductor. In addition, it is extensively used in movies and animations. However, the production of the video games also involves extensive usage of the multimedia. Additionally, the education sector has also started recently making use of the multimedia technology for the better information delivery and learning. In fact, all the industries and businesses are now increasing the heavy use of the multimedia technology that provides help to present information to their shareholders and coworkers. In this scenario, they use multimedia technology for advertising, offering worker training, and selling products to the whole world with virtually limitless internet-based technologies (Brown & Hurt, 2004; Net Industries, 2011; Wenger, 2008). Figure No 1- Digital Multimedia source [http://piotech.wsd.wednet.edu/techtwounits/01presentations/task1/01intro/multimediaIntro.html] Thus, seeing the increasing use of this technology in all the fields of life we have decided to implement a multimedia website. This website will offer online multimedia support and material. This website will be named: http://a-alfuhaid.com/. The major aims and objective of this website development is to offer following major multimedia contents: Online multimedia support Online Pictures Online e-cards Online poems Online music Blogs The above multimedia contents will offer us a great deal of capability to better start an online

Applications of Data Mining in the areas of Marketing Communications Essay Example for Free

Applications of Data Mining in the areas of Marketing Communications Essay Introduction In the information age, technological advancements have facilitated the collection of large amounts of information on various fields to include military intelligence, scientific and business data amongst several others. Computers are able to sort out this data with the aid of database management systems. Data can be classified according to predefined criteria. Data mining involves the extraction of implicit and useful information from databases. Use of relational databases is more helpful in the sense that it allows linkage with the structured query language (SQL) that allows for predicting, comparison and the determination of variations (Che, Han Yu, 1996). In websites, this technology is used by businesses in crawling through web pages and collect information that enables the organization to enhance business, analyze the market trends and utilize the information obtained to their best interest (Web Data Mining, 2013). Applications of Data Mining In the Areas of Marketing Communications, Public Relations and Corporate Communications With the development of business intelligence, corporate management through the use of data marts and reporting software can obtain data from any region or field of interest in computer readable form in a relatively short time. It uses this data to forecast on future market expectation and consumer trends. Through its models and tools, managers are able to predict future events (Web Data Mining, 2013). It allows the analysis of past records and marketing to tailor and narrow target audience. It also helps in the determination of marketing methods; in the end, it increases revenue on sales with fewer campaigns. Data mining can predict consumer behavior, the psychology of the consumer, behavior while shopping, influence of business environment on consumers and consumer motivation depending on the importance of the product.   The products sold to consumers provide data on items how they are positioned. Data mining analyzes consumption patterns, for instance, during festive seasons to find out which products sell more and the association between one product and another. It is common to associate the purchase of bread with butter (Raorane Kulkarni, 2011).Association is utilized in making decisions in cross marketing. Through web crawling information on consumer preferences are collected, their purchase records are used in making inventory decisions and analysis of fraudulent payments (Web Data Mining, 2013). Data mining can be categorized according to the data that is collected, in businesses the identification of high profit and low risk customers is an important task for business owners, customers can be segmented with associated characteristics as loyalty and other traits. This is useful in marketing and customer relationship management (Rajagopal, 2011). Accuracy is how often models get their predictions right while reliability is a measure of consistency of the model. Validation is done to determine how models perform against real data; quality and characteristics of a data mining model must be evaluated before deployment. However, data mining models are considered reliable if they generate the same type of predictions and return the same pattern of findings regardless of the test data. Reliability in data mining is also dependent on the skill, knowledge and the ingenuity of the analyst. Meaningful relations between variables can be extracted from databases in complex formats that are unachievable through manual systems. However, reliability is no longer assured in data mining due to its complex heterogeneous and dynamic nature. It is necessary to incorporate preventive measures to safeguard data validity and integrity (Kavulya, Gandhi, Narasimhan, 2008). Conclusion Data mining is an effective tool in fields as medicine, marketing and crime prevention amongst many others. The use of computers has seen this lessen the time required for researches. The tools and models it utilizes are very helpful in business in determining and predicting consumer trends and consumption patterns that were unknown in the past. This seeks to promote revenues with little campaigns. Additionally, the use of web data mining allows businessmen to monitor consumer patterns, clusters and associations for inventory purposes. However, this technique may not be completely reliable, this depends on the skills of the user and preventive measures installed checking on reliability. Through legislation and technological interventions these issues can be alleviated. References Kavulya, S., Gandhi, R. Narasimhan, P. (2008). Gumshoe: Perspective. IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Engineering, 8 (1), pp. 866-883. Rajagopal, S. (2011). Customer data clustering using data mining technique. International journal of Database Management Systems, 3(4), pp. 1-9. Raorane, A Kulkarni, R.V. (2001). Data mining techniques: a source for consumer behavior analysis. Retrieved November 13, 2014 from: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1109.1202.pdf Web data mining. (2013). Predictive analytics and data mining. Retrieved November 13, 2014 from: http://www.web-datamining.net/analytics/

Motorolas Tools And Techniques Of Tqm Information Technology Essay

Motorolas Tools And Techniques Of Tqm Information Technology Essay This research paper is made about Motorola Inc. America, and describes how Motorola started its operation like an ordinary firm and reached to the zenith of excellence by developing and implementing new quality control techniques. Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) is the core technique of continuous improvement program of TQM which was first developed and implemented by Motorola inc. Further more, it tells about how and why firm ought to adopt the Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) techniques for their success. The data integrated in this research is exclusively presented by the help of various informative sources. Other than focusing the Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) program the research also tells about why and how the organizations continuously strive to capture largest market share in tight completive environment by using different tools of total quality management. Overall the research embeds the importance of total quality management, its significance to gain a competitive edge and remarkable breakthroughs in the history of organizations. Motorola is a well known American multinational telecommunication company based in Schaumburg, Illinois. It is the manufacturer of wireless telephone handsets, and also designs and sells wireless network infrastructure equipment such as cellular transmission base stations and signal amplifiers. They have achieved a high level of success throughout the world by being innovative and promoting creativity among their employees. This companys prosperity is dependent upon developing cutting edge technology and in new product design. To accomplish these goals, Motorola actively encourages employees to generate creative ideas, challenge conventional thinking, and look towards the future. Motorolas home and broadcast network products include set-top boxes, digital video recorders, and network equipment used to enable video broadcasting, computer telephony, and high-definition television. Motorola uses TQM techniques to be successful and improve employee creativity within the organization. Some of these methods include employee empowerment and risk taking, training and education techniques, participative management, and team collaboration. The innovation of TQM technique is one of the fundamental stand of Motorola Inc. Motorolas business and government customers consist mainly of wireless voice and broadband systems used to build private networks and public safety communications systems like Astro and Dimetra. Motorolas handset division is now focusing on smartphones using Googles open-source Android mobile operating system. Motorola Vision Statement: Our history is rich. Our future is dynamic. We are Motorola and the spirit of invention is what drives us. Motorola Mission Statement: We are a global communications leader powered by a passion to invent and an unceasing commitment to advance the way the world connects. Our communication solutions allow people, businesses and governments to be more connected and more mobile. Motorola Slogan: Hello Moto Motorola has a successfully working TQM process. Motorolas fundamental objective is Total Customer Satisfaction. They have won the Baldrige award and are corporate leaders in TQM. HISTORY Motorola started in Chicago, Illinois as Galvin Manufacturing Corporation in 1928 with its first product being a battery eliminator. The name Motorola was adopted in 1930, and the word has been used as a trademark since the 1930s. Founders Paul Galvin and Joseph Galvin came up with the name Motorola when the company started manufacturing car radios in 1930; the name is a combination of motor and the suffix ola. Many of Motorolas Products have been radio-related, starting with a battery eliminator for radios, through the first walkie-talkie in the world in 1940, defense electronics, cellular infrastructure equipment, and mobile phone manufacturing. In 1943, Motorola went public and in 1947, the name changed to its present name. The present logo was introduced in 1955. In 1952, Motorola opened its first international subsidiary in Toronto, Canada to produce radios and televisions. In 1953, Motorola established the Motorola Foundation to support leading universities in the United States. In 1955, years after Motorola started its research and development laboratory in Phoenix, Arizona to research new solid-state technology, Motorola introduced the worlds first commercial high-power germanium-based transistor. Beginning in 1958 with Explorer 1, Motorola provided radio equipment for most NASA space-flights for decades including during the 1969 moon landing. In 1960, Motorola introduced the worlds first large-screen (19-inch), transistorized, cordless portable television. In 1963, Motorola, which had very successfully begun making televisions in 1947 introduced the worlds first truly rectangular color TV picture tube which quickly became the industry standard. In 1974, Motorola sold its television business to the Japan-based parent company of Panasonic. In 1976, Motorola moved to its present headquarters in Schaumburg. In September 1983, the firm made history when the FCC approved the DynaTAC 8000X telephone, the worlds first-only commercial cellular device. By 1998, cell phones accounted for two-thirds of Motorolas gross revenue. The company was also strong in semiconductor technology, including integrated circuits used in computers. Motorola has been the main supplier for the microprocessors used in Atari ST, Commodore Amiga, Color Computer, and Apple Macintosh personal computers. The PowerPC family was developed with IBM and in a partnership with Apple (known as the AIM alliance). Motorola also has a diverse line of communication products, including satellite systems, digital cable boxes and modems. In 1986, Motorola invented the Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) quality improvement process. This became a global standard, in 1990. In June 2000, Motorola and Cisco supplied the worlds first commercial GPRS cellular network. In 2002 Motorola introduced the worlds first wireless cable modem gateway which combined a high-speed cable modem router with an Ethernet switch and wireless home gateway. In 2003, Motorola introduced the worlds first handset to combine a Linux operating system and Java technology with full PDA functionality. MOTOROLAS SIX SIGMA PROGRAM Motorola invented the Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) quality improvement process in 1986 and in 1988, Motorola Corp. became one of the first companies to receive the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. The award strives to identify those  excellent firms that are worthy role models for other businesses. One of Motorolas innovations that attracted a great deal of attention was its Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) program. Motorola Saved $22 Billion from 1986 to 2009, reflecting hundreds of individual successes in all Motorola business areas including: Sales and Marketing Product design Manufacturing Customer service Transactional processes Supply chain management. To quantitatively measure the performances Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) uses statistical analysis. That process can involve manufacturing, business practices, products, or service. To be defined as Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) means that the process does not produce more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO) which translates to 99.9997% efficiency. A Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) defect is considered anything that can cause customer dissatisfaction, such as being outside of customer specifications. A Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) opportunity is the total number of chances for a defect to occur. Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) Concept The Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) concept was developed by Motorola in 1986 with the stated goal of improving manufacturing processes and reducing product defects and variation. Building on earlier quality improvement methods, Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) assumes the following: Ongoing efforts to achieve stable, predictable process results are essential for business success Manufacturing and business processes have characteristics that can be measured, analyzed, improved, and controlled Sustained quality improvement requires commitment from the entire organization Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) Implementation In order to achieve Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) performance, the causes of manufacturing and business process defects and variation must be identified and eliminated. Two Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) sub-methodologies were developed for this purpose: DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) and DMADV (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify). DMAIC is used to improve existing processes that are below specification; DMADV is used to develop new processes or products at Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) levels. Borrowing martial arts terminology, a key innovation of Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) was the creation of a professional quality management hierarchy. This structure works to involve all levels of the organization in the success of Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) projects: Executive Leadership includes the CEO and other top management Champions, drawn from upper management, are responsible for Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) implementation across the organization Master Black Belts, identified by champions or by executive leadership, function as in-house coaches, mentors, and trainers; 100% of their time is devoted to Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) to ensure business and leadership alignment Black Belts focus on the application of Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) methodology to specific projects; 100% of their time is devoted to Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) Green Belts are involved with Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) implementation along with other job responsibilities Lean Sigma is a current industry trend in which a process is made lean through efficiency improvements before Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) is applied to reduce variation. Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) Calculation In order to calculate Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™), the engineers at Motorola set up a scale to evaluate the quality of a process based on these defect calculations. At the top of the scale is Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™), which equates to 3.4 DPMO, or 99.9997% defect-free. In other words, if you have a process running at Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™), youve almost eliminated all defects its nearly perfect. Of course, most processes dont run at Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™). They run at Five Sigma, Four Sigma or worse. Heres the full scale to get an appreciation of the numbers involved. The calculation of a sigma level is based on the number of defects per million opportunities (DPMO). The formula to calculate DPMO is: DPMO = If, for example, there are 38 defects, 10,000 units and one defect opportunity/unit, the results would be: DPMO 3,800 Defects (%) 0.38 Yield (%) 99.62 Process sigma 4.17 Motorola and other software have devices several soft wares that easily calculate sigma of a process or activity. The table given below maps the Sigma and %accuracy. Sigma Defects per Million Opportunities (DPMO) % Accuracy One Sigma 691,500 30.85% Two Sigma 308,500 69.15% Three Sigma 66,810 93.32% Four Sigma 6,210 99.38% Five Sigma 233 99.977% Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) 3.4 99.9997% Seven Sigma 0.020 99.999998% LSL lower sigma level USL: upper sigma level Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) Benefits Achieving measurable and quantifiable financial goals (cost reduction/profit increase) with Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) projects sets this methodology apart from other quality improvement tactics. Financial benefits of potential process improvement projects are used to help prioritize the projects; these benefits are then reassessed during the analyze phase of both DMAIC and DMADV and verified in the control phase of DMAIC and the verify phase of DMADV. Closely linking Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) projects to a companys bottom line gives everyone in the organization a stake in the success of these projects. It also helps identify projects that involve critical-to-quality aspects of the process and will provide substantial process improvement. Scores of organizations continue to improve their performance by taking advantage of their Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) process. Since Motorola implemented its Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) process in 1987, their results have included: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sales growth of greater than 300 percent. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Employee productivity growth of more than 12.3 percent per year. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Elimination of more than 99.7 percent of in-process defects. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduction by 84 percent of costs associated with poor quality. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Savings of $11 billion in manufacturing costs. By the late 1990s, approximately two-thirds of Fortune 500 companies had started Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) projects; as of 2009, Motorola had reported more than $19 billion in savings as a result of Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™). In addition to significant financial gain, Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) provides organizations with the methodology and structure to make decisions based on verifiable data and statistical analysis and thereby to achieve measurable quality improvements in manufacturing and business processes. Six Sigma (6à Ã†â€™) projects are truly a win-win situation as product quality is greatly improved while product defects and variation are reduced, employees are meaningfully involved in the outcome of the projects, company profitability is measurably increased, and customer loyalty and satisfaction are significantly enhanced. PLAN-DO-CHECK-ACT (PDCA) Motorolas PDCA is a problem solving process and consist of a Plan to identify and analyze the problem, Do, to develop and implement solutions, Check to evaluate the results, and Act to standardize the solution, capitalizing on opportunities. Demings Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle Plan select and analyze the problem Do implement the solution Check check the results of the change Act act to standardize the solution for the long-term PARETO CHART The Pareto chart is a very useful tool which Motorola uses to separate the important from the trivia. The chart, first promoted by Dr. Joseph Juran, is named after Italian economist/sociologist Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923). He had the insight to recognize that in the real world a minority of causes lead to the majority of problems. This is known as the Pareto principle. Pick a category, and the Pareto principle will usually hold. For example, Motorola has found that all the kinds of problems that can be named are only about 20% of them who produce 80% of the product defects; 80% of the cost associated with the defects will be assignable to only about 20% of the total number of defect types occurring. By Examining the elements of this cost it is revealed that once again 80% of the total defect costs spring from only about 20% of the cost elements. A Pareto chart became very handful for Motorola by the discovery of these ratios and has helped in the segmentation of the customers on the bases of imperative problems and opportunities. CAUSE-AND-EFFECT DIAGRAMS Motorola Cause-And-Effect team typically uses a cause-and-effect diagram to identify and isolate causes of a problem. The technique was developed by the late Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa, a noted Japanese quality expert, so sometimes the diagram is called an Ishikawa diagram. Motorola has developed the software of cause-and-effect diagram which tells about how internal or external event affects the organizational processes. It is the only tool that is not based on statistics. This chart is simply a means of visualizing how the various factors associated with a process affect the processes output. HISTOGRAM Histograms are used by most of the companies including Motorola to chart frequency of occurrence. How often does something happen? Any discussion of histograms must begin with an understanding of the two kinds of data commonly associated with processes: attributes and variables data. An attribute is something that the output product of the process either has or does not have. An electronic assembly either had wiring errors or it did not. For Example, in a process used in making Motorola electrical resistors would use the scale of electrical resistance in ohms; another process might use a weight scale, and so on. Variables data are something that results from measurement. EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT The history of Motorola reflects that it has strived to ensure continuous improvement and lasting success by following fundamental principles that emphasize change. One principle is known as leadership of renewal, which stresses the need for change to stay ahead of the advancing technology market. Motorola has tried to create a corporate structure that can anticipate and manage change in order to gain a competitive advantage. A key aspect of accomplishing this is to teach managers and lower level employees to take a proactive approach toward change (Winston). Another standard they adhere to is called renewal of leadership. At Motorola it is important that employees have freedom to take risks and utilize creativity. Therefore, Motorola looks for managers who can inspire and empower subordinates rather than inhibit their creative freedom through rigid authority or control. Their renewal of leadership system uses an intricate 360-degree feedback program for all divisions of the company. This allows every worker to get opinions about their strengths and areas needing improvement from peers, managers, subordinates, and customers. Motorola also has a structure that encourages the rotation of managers from all levels of the organization. This is done to reenergize managers and ensure that problems will continually be looked at from a fresh perspective (Winston). An essential concept the Motorola Corporation advocates to their employees is to think the unthinkable. The notion here is to think differently and find innovative solutions to any type of problem encountered. To encourage this initiative, Motorola passes power on to their employees to make critical decisions and tells them it is okay to make mistakes. Open to new ideas, devoted to nurturing, and encouraging those who question the oldest assumptions and propose the boldest changesthese are enduring characteristics of Motorola (High Performance Working Research Project). Motorola also encourages their employees to exhibit desired performance through rewards and positive reinforcement. Counter-intuitive thinkingthe thought process of standing against the crowd and challenging conventional wisdomis prized, encouraged, and rewarded. In fact, it is the basis on which Motorolas success is founded (Winston). Motorola is very good about giving their employees a high level of autonomy and encouraging independent thinking. This results in a greater sense of confidence and creative freedom while on the job. In order for workers to consistently apply the values that Motorola preaches, they must be properly motivated. Thus, Motorola offers many extrinsic rewards to employees that can make them feel appreciated and motivate them to be successful. The company provides extensive training each year for all employees, tuition reimbursement for attending school, sports and recreation facilities, and promotions based on achievement rather than tenure (Inside Motorola: Benefits). These incentives, along with competitive salaries, can help workers feel a greater sense of commitment and purpose for their jobs. It is also common for people to be more productive and creative when they are valued and feel comfortable in their surroundings. The preceding examples illustrate why so many employees view Motorola as a first class organization and are passionate about their careers. BENCHMARKING Benchmarking is often applied to such business practices as payroll, payables, customer billing, receivables, information technology, purchasing, and inventory management. Despite the various definitions of benchmarking, the goal is always the same: to identify best practices. The benchmarking allowed Motorola to climb the learning curve quickly by benefiting from the experience of other companies. According to Greg Hackett, founder and president of The Hackett Group, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦you get to steal the learning curve of othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [i]   Ultimately, benchmarking results in more efficient processes which, in turn, can generate substantial cost savings. According to Mark Krueger, managing director of AnswerThink Consulting, cost reductions can range from 15% to 45%. The basic premise behind benchmarking is that to deliver quality, you need to compare your business against the best in class business and then make changes to your operation so that quality is enhanced. Benchmarking is the process of determining who is the very best, who sets the standard, and what that standard is. JUST-IN-TIME (JIT) Just-in-Time is method of fast response to customers used my Motorola. The Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing is, to a large extent, based upon a system of total quality management, as well as strong emphasis upon training and involvement of workers in all phases of manufacturing in Motorolas workshops. JIT is particularly conducive for some areas of manufacturing and viable for other manufacturing control systems too. JIT utilizes a full involvement and method of manufacturing, emphasizing such aspects as order to delivery, eliminating waste, enforcing problem-solving and continuous improvement, total quality management, parallel processing, purchasing, and others. The essential philosophy behind JIT manufacturing has largely to do with competitive effectiveness. TAGUCHI CONCEPTS Pioneered by Dr. Genichi Taguchi whose fundamental thinking was to develop products that hold up to adverse conditions (i.e, Motorola telephones are designed to be dropped because this commonly happens). Motorola apples this quality principle to service, they know that they should plan for the worst when designing our service. When the adverse condition occurs, they should maintain the quality in service. CONCLUSION TQM is frequently touted as the necessary next step in the evolution of modern business management. In theory, it is often hard to argue with the logic of the quality focus advocated by the TQM approach. Unfortunately, TQM initiatives often fail when implementation begins. The failure of TQM is largely due to the fact that all the philosophical, strategic, and measurement dimensions of the TQM concept are not adequately addressed. These three dimensions of TQM should be stressed at different levels of the management hierarchy to varying degrees. The responsibility for establishing the philosophical dimension of TQM falls mostly on top management so that the emphasis of quality can be fully integrated into an organizations missions. The essential elements of TQM are then incorporated into strategic decisions for various functions of the organization. Functional management teams within the same organization should be allowed to define quality that is most appropriate for their function al areas. Based on the specific functional, working definitions of quality, it is possible to develop a comprehensive quality measurement system capable of capturing the vital information relating to quality. Data can then be analyzed and aggregated when reported to the upper level management for decision making and continuous improvement.