History Of The Automobile Essays - American Brands, Steam Car, Car

History of the Automobile History of the Automobile Automobiles are one of the most important and prominent inventions possibly ever created. Without automobiles our lives would be completely changed and different. Automobiles changed the way people traveled and lived. Without cars there would be no drive-ins, drive-thru fast food restaurants, and shopping centers. People depend on their cars whether they're earning their living, or traveling to their dream vacation spot. The United States is the leading producer of automobiles and is often called the "Nation On Wheels." The U.S has become very dependent on cars for transportation. Racing automobiles is also a very popular sport which attracts millions of enthusiasts nation-wide. Whether it's a local race track, or a huge Nascar track, people love racing and the thrill, and also the danger. The history of automobiles is a long, and laborious one. From the first self propelled road vehicle created in the 1790's, to the modern road machine of today, it hasn't been an easy road to follow (no pun intended) for the automobile. Many people mocked the car, and you used to hear the phrase "Get a horse" a lot back when cars were first mass produced. Even with these vicissitudes, the automobile has overcome these hardships to become one of the most required inventions ever assembled. The steam car was the first road vehicle that could travel by themselves, even though they had a top speed of a whopping 3 miles per hour, and had to stop every 10 to 15 minutes to build up steam. The first vehicle that could carry passengers was produced until 1801. These steam carriages annoyed people very much by being noisy, dirty, and by frightening horses. Many american inventors tampered with steam automobiles such as J.N Carhart, Richard Dudgeon, and Sylvester H. Roper, but the most sucessful were the Stanley twins, Francis E. and Freelan O. The electric car was actually popular in America in the late 1890's and early 1900's. One of America's pioneer electric cars was built in about 1890 by William Morrison in Des Moines Iowa. People liked the electric car because it was easy to operate, ran quietly, and didn't excrete putrid fumes. But of course there were drawbacks like you couldn't go over 20 miles per hour and the battery had to be recharged constantly. For these reasons the electric car was replaced by the gasoline engine. The general design of modern automobiles was developed in France. Emile Levassor and Rene Panhard built their first cars in 1890 using a Daimler engine. These cars used chains like those found in bicycles to carry the engine's power to the back wheels. Many American inventors experimented with gasoline powered vehicles in the early 1890's. Many claimed that they were the first to design and build sucessfully a automobile. Most pioneers of the automobile later became famous in the industry. The creation of the first auto assembly line was caused by a fire that destroyed the Olds Motor Works in Detroit. This caused Olds to sign contracts with the owners of small machine shops to manufacture many parts for his cars. With this method, the company built 425 cars in 1901, 3750 in 1902, and 500 in 1903. Most car companies followed the Olds company by using mass production. Henry M. Leland, president of the Cadillac Automobile Company developed the concept of using interchangeable parts. This was a big step because the interchangeable parts could be used to assemble or repair any car of the same model. Henry Ford's goal was a low-priced car that many people in all walks of life could afford. The outcome of his goal: The Model T. It sold for $850, but Ford installed a moving assembly line in his factory and they could then produce a car in a hour and a half which then caused the car to be sold for $400, the lowest price of any automobile. Over 15 million were sold. During the 1920's it was a race between Ford and GM. They were the leading producers of cars at that time. By 1937, GM was producing about 35% of the worlds automobiles. Design changed a lot during 1920's. Body lines became more graceful and the closed car became popular. Engines became more powerful and quieter and many other improvements came during this period. During World War 2 production of cars for civilians almost halted because the factories were being used for military supplies. After WW2, more improvements were made and foreign cars became more popular. Today 41 millions vehicles are produced every year in which one third come from the U.S Gasoline shortages and

Aquarium Essays - Zoology, Nervous System, Arthropod, Animal, Insect

Aquarium Essays - Zoology, Nervous System, Arthropod, Animal, Insect Aquarium Organism 1,2,3,6,7,8,9 and 10 are from the phylum Chordata. All Chordates shared four major characteristics; a notochord, which provides a skeletal support, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, which develop into the central nerve system, pharyngeal slits, which are openings in the pharynx that develop into gills, and a post-anal tail. Organism 2,7 and 8 are the phylum Mollusca. The animals in this category share many characteristics which are bilateral symmetry,two cell layers, tissues and organs, lack a cavity, posses a through gut with a mouth and anus monomeric and highly variable bodies, may posses shell and calcareous spicules, has a nervous system with a circum-oesophageal ring, ganglia and paired nerve chords, open circulatory systems with a heart and an aorta, has gaseous exchange organs called ctenidial gills, reproduce sexually, feed on a wide variety of materials and live in most environments. Organism 4 is an Arthropoda. Arthropods have a body covered in chitinous cuticle that hardens into an exoskeleton, composed of somites (Metamerism), jointed appendages, ventral nerve cord with ganglia at each segment, open circulatory system and a bilateral symmetric body. Most Arthropods reproduce sexually; however some insects are parthenogenetic. Organism 4 was Porifera. Poriferans are commonly sponges which are sedentary by nature, most of them are marine sponges, cylindrical, have radial symmetry, have a body wall called a diploblastic, their middle layer has various wandering amoebocytes, have many ostia on their body, feed on minute organisms and small organic particles which enter the body through the oscula, have exoskeletons, secrete mainly ammonia, and asexual reproduction takes place by budding or sexual reproduction take place through internal fertilization. Organism 5 and 9 are Cnidaria. Cnidarian organisms are radially symmetrical, have bodies with internal cavity and a mouth, reproduction is sexual or asexual, has a simple net-like nervous system, has a distinct larval stage which planktonic, live in aquatic environments, mostly carnivores otherwise filter feeders, and have minimal skeleton of chiton or calcium carbonate. Organism 6 is echinodermata. These organisms free living, exclusively marine forms, larvae are bilaterally symmetrical while the adults are radially symmetrical, have bodies represented by a central disc covered by ossicles with spines called pedicularia, disc may bear extensions called arms, have a complete digestive system, have a water vascular system, posses tube feet for locomotion and respiration as well as feeding, has a central nervous sytem ring with five radiating nerves, sexual reproduction, development is indirect, and posses an ability to regenerate. For organism 3, the subphylum is Crustacea. Crustacea are primarily aquatic arthropods, but also include terrestrial forms, which have a cephalothorax covered by a carapace. They also have mandible mouthparts, gills for respiration, antennae, and biramous appendages.

Andrew jacks and William Henry Harrison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Andrew jacks and William Henry Harrison - Essay Example Apparently, the circumstances surrounding the United States during that period were similar. Both of these presidents were born during a time when the United States was under the British colonial rulership. This translates to the fact that both Jackson and Harrison were aware of the struggle towards independence, which was of critical importance to the kind of leadership they exercised. Before rising to the presidential positions, both Jackson and Harrison had held numerous positions in the government that served to prepare them for presidency. Jackson was the seventh president of the United States, and took office in 1829. He set the record for being the first democrat to occupy the white house, making him a pace setter for the democratic affiliation that has become stronger over the years. He remained in office for two terms. During his terms, he redefined the executive powers accorded to the president (Brands 14). The previous presidents had operated much like chief administrators, but he expanded such mandate to the level of the popular tribune. He participated in the revolutionary war, a factor that helped him to understand the type of freedom that American needed. He ascended to office during a time when America was struggling to register economic growth, but taxation on the roads and high import taxes were major setbacks. His introduction of subsidies in the transportation process, and importation protective tariffs defined his initial policies in presidency (Gunderson 34). Jackson also contributed to the ‘bank war’ policies that surrounded the charter accorded to the Second Bank of the United States. He extended the charter past the preset expiry date, and transferred the federal state’s deposits to a bank chartered by the state a year later. This action triggered a financial crisis that culminated into a full-blown depression in the years that followed

Explain the relevance of segmentation to the 21st century business of Essay

Explain the relevance of segmentation to the 21st century business of your choice - Essay Example New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. 10 Cant, M., Strydom, W., Jooste, C., and du Plessis, P. 2009. Marketing Management. Cape Twon: Juta and Company Ltd. 10 Dibb, S and Simkin, L. 2013. Market Segmentation Success: Making It Happen! New York: Routledge. 10 Duening,T., Hisrich, R and Lechter, M. 2009. Technology Entrepreneurship: Creating, Capturing, and Protecting Value. Waltham: Academic Press. 11 Hill, C and Jones, G. 2012. Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. Belmont: Cengage Learning. 11 Jones, C. 2013. Apple's Stock Awards Value Has More Than Doubled Over The Past Three Years. [online] Forbes. Available at: [Accessed 20 October 2010]. 11 McDonald, M. 2012. Market Segmentation: How to Do It and How to Profit from It. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 11 Mohr, J., Sengupta, S and Slater, S. 2010. Marketing of High-technology Products and Innovations. Missoula: Jakki Mohr. 11 Sigal, M. 2010. Apple's segmentation strategy, and the folly of conventional wisdom: Ten years after a n iPod powered rebirth, Apple's run continues unabated. [online] O’Reilly Radar. ... Managers of the marketing departments in most businesses have come up with ingenious ways of ensuring the marketing works, and the business makes profits. Market segmentation is the strategy that has been proven to work miracles in the world's business. The strategy is based on dividing the various clients or customers of the business into various groups. Consumers with the same specifications and needs are grouped together. This makes it easy to address the needs, requirements and issues the clients in the various groups may have (Elsevier, 2002). Market Segmentation in Technology Businesses Market segmentation is one of the best marketing strategies know today. This strategy categorizes clients in different groups making it easy for the companies to address their client needs. In that situation, businesses benefit from increased sales and profitability. Marketing segmentation also has benefits to the consumers. Their needs are well addressed according to their specifications. The i nformation technology industry is comprised of programming, computing, data processing, telecommunications, gaming, networking, the Internet and applications. The information technology industry is different from all the others in several ways. However, targeting potential clientele and segmentation of the market is all the same. For proper market segmentation, the businesses have to do the following. To divide all possible customers into groups: The first thing a technology manufacturer or service provider is to determine the target markets. This should be done according to demographics, geographical, psychological and perception and behavioural variables. The company should also

European imperialism was sometimes supported by the claim that it was Essay

European imperialism was sometimes supported by the claim that it was part of a civilizing mission to other parts of the world. Construct a historical argument - Essay Example Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is partially autobiographical in that it depicts an actual six month journey by Joseph Conrad up the Congo River where he commandeered a steamboat following the death of the Captain in 1890.1 Conrad himself is quoted as having said: Although European colonialism can be traced back to the 13th century the colonizing of Africa began in Africa in earnest around the mid to late 19th century.3 With the transformation from the Victorian era to the industrial era, European politics represented colonial exploits as a means of expanding trade, spreading religion and civilizing backward nations.4 Many historians however have countered this theory by offering views that the advances in modern technology that followed the industrial revolution, particularly the advent of the steamboat, made it possible for Europeans to travel to Africa exploiting the land for raw materials and natives for labour.5 In his book, Tools of Empire, Daniel Headrick explains that: Conrad’s Heart of Darkness takes an approach which is vastly similar to Headrick’s theory of European imperialism. In the final analysis European imperialism was no more than a manifestation of a desire for expansion brought on by the greed associated with industrial growth. In the interim this desire gave way to corrupt power and corrupt rule at the expense of the natives and their civilization. Marlow represents the trusting European who has no reason to doubt that the African conquest is no more than a quest to enlighten and improve upon the quality of life of the uncivilized African. During the journey along the Congo however, Marlow slowly comes to the realization that a combination of greed and disease contributes to a demoralizing conquest. One that is characterized by torture and exploitation of African natives for what appears to be one aim, economic growth. The welfare of the native is the

History of Gothic Literature

History of Gothic Literature Composers representations of the Gothic genre havent significantly changed as Gothic characteristics can still be observed in modern texts and films, however, the depiction of these themes have evolved appropriately over time, just as the worldly morals, values and ethical standards have evolved. The social links to the emergence of the Gothic genre, how social and moral standards were being defined and the portrayal of themes that have altered due to changes in attitudes towards the characteristics that define Gothic literature are some aspects of the Gothic texts that can be observed.[G1][G2][G3] The emergence of the Gothic genre was a rejection of the oppressive state and artificiality of the Enlightenment (1685-1815). Edgar Allan Poes text, The Haunted Palace (1839), textually mirrors the effect that the Enlightenment had on the European and Western society. Once a fair and stately palace. But evil things, in robes of sorrows, Assailed ÂÂ   , implies, using visual imagery and personifying robes of sorrows, that the beautiful palace, once filled with joyful spirits, is now home to a hideous throng that laughs without smiling, changing the serene atmosphere into[G4] uncomfortable eeriness. The texts link to the Enlightenment as it was a[G5] core contribution to societys reformation to a constitutional and structured civilisation, governed by scientific thinking and reasoning. However, ethical standards were suffocating, resulting in the establishment of a counter-reformation, the Gothic era. The representation of the Gothic genre is observed through composers relaxed app ropriation of[G6] traditional Gothic characteristics and setting them into modern contexts. Tim Burtons Gothic film, Batman (1989), depicts the social situations of the time, specifically the fear caused by AIDS and juxtaposed hope caused by the fall of the Berlin wall. Its not who I am underneath, but what I do that defines me, textually foreshadows the actions of Batman, however, it also depicts the figurative walls built due to the stigma surrounding AIDS sufferers and the literal wall of Berlin being torn down due to gained liberation for Germany. Society in the 1980s was greatly influenced by the fear of AIDS and the suffocating stigma surrounding it, causing sufferers to be isolated from their community, much like Batman, as the disease itself didnt discriminate, only the people who discriminated against it. However, it was not until 1989, when the fall of the Berlin wall, a symbol of segregation and discrimination since 1961, was torn down. This, like the emergence of the Got hic era, signified the hope for a future where society wouldnt be controlled by misconceptions and stereotypes, consequently isolating individuals from the world around them. Due to the secularism of the Enlightenment, the Gothic movement set about to revive religious and supernatural beliefs. Although Edgar Allan Poe mightnt have been incredibly pious, shown in his texts that are often written from an aesthetic worldview, it can be identified in his works, personal values set upon just morals and righteous ethics. In Poes text, The Raven (1845), Poe enquiries after the existence of a supernatural power,[G7] is there balm in Gilead? , in which the Raven, who symbolises Poes mentality and the impending doom, replies with Nevermore. The refusal to a heavenly cure Poe was seeking, caused the mood of the text to change to that of utter despair as he abandons hope that he may see his Lenore again. During the Enlightenment, the social instability, much like Poes fall into insanity, led to political schisms, religious wars, heresy trials and witch burnings, meaning that the underlying tone of the Enlightenment was really that of chaos and lack of stability and ethics. In contrast, society has converted back to national secularism, separating religion from the state and beliefs from believers. In Burtons film, Dark Shadows (2012), the portrayal of religion is not explicitly mentioned in the film, however, the existence of the supernatural is explored.[G8] You must have faithfor if a man can become a monster, then a monster can become a man, is an allegory of presupposed evil that is not always just found in the actions of monsters, but in the hearts of man. However, if Poe has turned his back on God, and Burton has turned his back on men, what is left for the world to believe in? Secularism, thats what[G9][G10]. The portrayal of the Gothic theme of insanity has changed over time due to the change of attitude. In Poes text, The Tell-Tale Heart (1843), the narrator portrays the recurring Gothic motif of deterioration of ones sanity. such a sound as a watch makes when enveloped in cotton but the noise steadily increased, uses auditory imagery to depict the mental decline of the narrator after committing murder. The perception of insanity and madness was viewed negatively, disconnecting the mental illness from its human counterpart, dehumanising those suffering from mental illnesses and to be ostracised from society, often deemed lunatics. The representation of Gothic themes was changed to depict it into a more humorous portrayal of the dark genre. Burtons film, Batman (1989), depicts characters encased in their own insanity. I am the worlds first fully-functioning homicidal artist, juxtaposes the creativity of an artist and destruction of a murderer to create the dysfunctional[G11][G12] charact er, the Joker. Burton has used this as a means of humour but still portraying the seriousness of mental illnesses that causes an unbalanced psychological state as it reflects Jokers fears of the reality of living between a man and monster. In comparing the two texts, it is evident that the theme insanity has remained relatively constant, disregarding the humour intended in many modern Gothic texts. The Gothic genre was a literary outlet to reject the oppressive state of a society governed by the scientific reasoning and ethics of the Enlightenment.[G13] Poe and Burton both textually represented the state of their society, rejecting social standards by creating fictional worlds drawing a fine line between reality and fiction.

Inherit the Wind- Freedom to Think Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inherit the Wind, based on the famous â€Å"Scopes Monkey Trial† in the small town Dayton, Tennessee, was written by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee. The play was not intended to depict the actual history or the proceedings in the Scopes’ trial but it was used as a vehicle for exploring social anxiety and ant-intellectualism that existed in the Americas during the1950s. Lawrence and Lee wrote the play as a response to the threat to intellectual freedom presented by the anti-Communist hysteria of the McCarthy era. The major themes depicted in the Inherit the Wind include the intellectual curiosity, narrow-mindedness or limited perception, the importance of religion, and the relationship between the perception of others and self-worth portrayed by the characters in the play. The characters include Henry Drummond, Matthew Harrison Brady, E.K Hornbeck, Bert Cates and Rachel Brown; they represented the ideas and ways of thinking that existed then and no w.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inherit the Wind took place in the small town of Hillsboro in which ‘the time was not too long ago.’ Bert Cates, a young teacher, who is imprisoned in the jail for teaching evolution to his high school biology class. The Reverend’s daughter and Cate’s fiancà ©e, Rachel, urges Cates to tell the town what he did was wrong and he is sorry; however, the town firmly believes that Cates is wrong and awaiting for Matthew Harrison Brady to come to town to prosecute Cates. Brady is a three time presidential candidate and firm believer in the Bible. The town hung a banner â€Å"Read your Bible† on courthouse and paraded the streets enthusiastically singing â€Å"Give me that old-time religion† when Brady arrives into town. Also arriving in Hillsboro, is E.K Hornbeck of the Baltimore Herald, who is cynical reporter and comments on everything. Hornbeck informs Brady that he will be arguing against Henry Drummond in court. The town see s Drummond as the devils advocate. Drummond arrives in town with little notice and is shunned by the people in town. In the course of the trial, Brady starts out confidently and chooses witnesses who profess strong religious belief. Brady calls for Rachel to be on the witness stand and twists her words about what Cates has told her. Meanwhile, the judge excludes all Drummond’s scientific witness on the grounds of evolution itself is not on trial. D... ...will appeal the case; however, his victory is setting an example for others who choose to think. It will make it easier for the next person. Cates finds a new life with Rachel away from the small town Hillsboro. The trial in Hillsboro is an allegory for the situation in the 1950s. In the 50’s, the government condemns people who supported Communism; thus leading to the censorious climate of McCarthyism. In addition to the witch-hunt and anti-Communist hysteria, regional conflicts between northern and southern states in the east of America. Laurence and Lee wrote the play to parallel some of conflicts of idea and subtly review them to the people. It was the method of exploring the major themes in the theses conflicts between intellectuals and believers, thinkers vs. narrow mindedness, and the relationship between the perception of others and self worth. Ultimately, Inherit the Wind encourages the right to think and the freedom of thought. In the attacking the value of free thought and speech upon which this country is built, nothing is obtained just like the situation in which Brady attacks his own house and inherits the wind—nothing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Gloria Anzaldua’s Aztlan: the Homeland

In her essay La Frontera, Gloria Anzaldua provides a detailed history of the persecution of the Chicano settlers of the U. S. Southwest at the hands of their Anglo oppressors. Anzaldua refers to the Aztlan, the borderlands between the United States and Mexico encompassing parts of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, as a â€Å"vague and undetermined place created by the emotional residue of an unnatural boundary†¦the prohibited and forbidden are its inhabitants†¦the squint-eyed, the perverse, the queer, the troublesome†. I find the author’s utilization of the word queer to describe the Aztlan peoples particularly interesting, as it draws a recognizable parallel between the historical struggles of Chicanos with the enduring tribulations of the LGBTQ community in modern America. Anzaldua accuses â€Å"The Gringo†¦the fiction of white superiority† of â€Å"seizing complete power, stripping Indians and Mexicans of their land while their feet were still rooted in it† and even goes so far as to make mention of â€Å"Anglo terrorism†. The author’s characterizations of the oppressive actions of the political-ruling white class towards the Chicano people can just as easily be applied to recent legislation crafted by several right-leaning politicians that serves only to strip LGBTQ individuals of their civil rights and to designate said persons as second class citizens. These statutes include the recently invalidated Proposition 8 here in California as well as the Federal Defense of Marriage Act, which would have forbidden gay couples from enjoying the same marriage benefits as heterosexual spouses, current state laws or constitutional amendments in 35 states that define marriage as being exclusively between a man and a woman, and current anti-sodomy laws aimed squarely at gay couples in 13 states that remain on the books despite such laws being outlawed by the US Supreme Court 10 years ago. Such anti-gay legislation is similar in prejudicial and persecutory scope as recent anti-immigration legislation enacted in Arizona and Alabama that seeks to intrude on the civil rights of Latin Americans in those states, who face imprisonment and deportation for non-compliance. As described by Anzaldua, the continuous berating of the Chicano people, â€Å"faceless, nameless, invisible, taunted with hey cucaracho and mojado† is ll too similar to the constant torment faced by members of the LGBTQ community by intolerant members of the oppressive majority, such as being verbally assaulted as â€Å"fags†, â€Å"queers†, â€Å"homos†, and much worse. Gloria Anzaldua eloquently equates the Chicano struggles with their Anglo imperial masters in the Aztlan with the LGBTQ struggle for civil rights in modern American society, and unfortunately, these fights will have to both continue to be waged will into the foreseeable future.

Local Anaesthetic Agents †Anatomy Research Paper

Local Anaesthetic Agents – Anatomy Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Local anaesthetic molecules are made of an aromatic group linked to a basic side chain by an ester or amide bond. The side chain is basic because it is made of a secondary or tertiary amino derivatives. This typical structure is demonstrated by lignocaine, as shown in the adjacent diagram. These molecules are therefore weak bases, with pKa values in the range of 8-9, so they mainly exist as ions in body fluids at physiological pH. The only exception is benzocaine, where the amino group is attached directly to the aromatic side chain. Local anaestheics act by reversibly binding to the S6 transmembrane helical segment on any of the four domains of the sodium voltage-gated channel. The S6 segment possesses a binding site accesible only from the cytosol, therby physically blocking the entry of sodium ions into the axoplasm. As a result, the inward sodium current upon neuron excitation cannot exceed the outward potassium current, the membrane cannot be depolarised to threshold and an action potential cannot be initiated. This is effective only when the anaesthetic is in its ionised quartenary form. Therefore, the compound must be able to penetrate the hydrophobic lipid-rich axon membrane (and myelin sheath, if present) to act effectively; only the electrically neutral form of the anaesthetic can do so. Once in the water-rich axoplasm, the anaesthetic ionises, and subsequent binding is hence possible. Thus, it is the coexistance of the neutral and protonated forms of the anaesthetic in solution that allows for the â₠¬Å"bypassing† of the axolemma and the relatively rapid targeting of the voltage-gated sodium channels. Another beneficial feature of anaesthetics attributed to their mechanism of action is their preferential blocking of pain and autonomic neurons, while sparing those involved with coarse touch and movement. Myelinated neurons have a higher surface density of voltage-gated channels than the axolemma of unmyelinated neurons; therefore, they are less likely to be blocked when exposed to the same dosage level of anaesthetic. Axons with larger diameters are also less likely to be blocked than ones of smaller diameter because they can conduct passively over longer distances. Since nociceptive impulses are carried by A? (small myelinated) and C (unmyelinated) fibres, pain sensation is blocked more readily than other sensory modalities. Although all neurons in the region of anaesthetic introduction will be affected to a certain extent when considering the practical anaesthetic dosages used during surgery, this mode of action nevertheless ensures that the patient does not experience sensations of pain. Numerous varietes of anaesthetics show use-dependence: the more channels are open, the greater the block becomes. This is because the entry of the blocking agents is more probable with an open channel, that possesses a wider pore. Furthermore, due to the shape of the anaesthetic molecule, the equilibrium between the closed and inactivated states of the channel will be in favour of the inactivated state in the presence of the anaesthetic, thereby greatly reducing the probability of the initiation and propagation of action potentials. Since touch, pressure and pain sensory-neurons in the anaesthetised region will relay a train of action potentials during surgery, they are the most likely to be blocked as their voltage-gated channels will cycle through open and inactivated states. This mechanism contributes greatly to the overall blocking effect of the anaesthetic. Drug solubility and the presence of either an ester or amide bond are important factors when considering the required rate of onset and duration of anaesthesia. Ester-linked local anaesthetics, such as anethocaine, are rapidly hydrolysed by both plasma and liver cholinesterases, and so have a short biological-half life and blocking duration (about one hour). Amide-linked anaesthetics, such as lignocaine, can only be metabolised in the liver by N-dealkylation, and the resultant metabolites themselves are often anaethetically active. They are therfore more widely used due to their longer blocking duration (about 2 hours). Anaesthetic solubility can also be a determining factor when choosing an anaesthetic. Benzocaine is an unusual local anaesthetic of very low solubility, and so is used as a dry powder to dress painful skin ulcers: the drug is slowly released and produces long-lasting surface anaesthesia. Lignocaine, on the other hand, is often utilised in the form of its acid salt (us ually with hydrochloric acid) and so can be injected in an aqueous form during epidural and spinal anaestheisa for a rapid blocking effect. Lastly, all local anaesthetics used are stable when heated. This is necessary to ensure that sterilisation of the anaesthetic prior to introduction into the body is effective and does not alter the anaesthetic’s binding efficacy to sodium voltage-gated channels. Although local anaesthetics are administered in such a way as to minimise their spread to other parts of the body, they are ultimately absorbed into systemic circulation. Furthermore, local anaesthetics may be injected into veins or arteries by accident. The major unwanted side effect that may occur systemic toxicity, the risk of which increases when higher doses and larger areas are involved. Thus, they are capable of interfering with normal central nervous system function. At low doses, the main effect of the anaesthetic on the CNS is stimulation: this produces restlessness, tremor, and subjective effects ranging from confusion to extreme agitation. Higher doses can cause the tremors to progress to severe convulsions, and even higher doses produce CNS depression. The main threat to life at this stage comes from respiratory depression, because of the anaesthetic’s depression of the respiratory centre and/or phrenic nerve. To reduce the possibility of such effects from occurri ng, a cuff may be used to reduce anaesthetic systemic spread when introduced in the upper limb, or by introducing vasoconstrictors such as adrenalin and felypressin when dealing with the thorax. The risk of systemic toxicity is present if the cuff is released prematurely, or if the dosage of vasoconstrictor is to low. The only exception to this rule is cocaine, which produces euphoria at doses well below those that cause convulsions due to its specific blocking effect on monoamine uptake. Procaine produces especially prominent unwanted central effects, which is a reason for its replacement by lignocaine and prilocaine, whose central effects are much less pronounced. Local anaesthetics commonly affect the cardiovascular system when present in systemic circulation. They have negative chonotropic and inotropic effects on the heart: by inhibiting the inward sodium ion current, anaesthetics decrease the cytosolic concentration of sodium ions in cardiomyocytes, which in turn reduces intracellular calcium ion stores, and this reduces both the frequency and force of contraction. Vasodilatation of arterioles is due to the direct effect of local anaesthetics on vascular smooth muscle and the indirect inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system. The combined myocardial depression and vasodilatation produces a fall in blood pressure, which may be sudden and life threatening. Cocaine is an exception: it produces opposite effects, such as increased cardiac output and arterial pressure, and increased cardiac output because of its ability to inhibit noradrenalin uptake. Another common side effect restricted only to the use of local anaesthetics in spinal and epidural anaesthesia is postoperative urinary retention due to the block of pelvic autonomic outflow. Other side effects are more rare. Hypersensitivity reactions sometimes occur, usually in the form of allergic dermatitis (most frequently during surface anaesthesia in atopic patients), but rarely as an acute anaphylactic reaction. Other unwanted side effects are specific to particular drugs, such as mucosal irritation when applying cocaine, and methaemoglobinaemia when using large doses of prilocaine due to the production of toxic metabolites (the haeme iron is oxidised from the +2 to the +3 state and so cannot bind to oxygen: subsequent symptoms include fatigue, dizziness and cyanosis). This is why prilocaine is rarely used in obstetric analgesia. 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Cell Parts essays

Cell Parts essays A Cell, the basic building block of life, consists of many parts. Cells are microscopic units that make up all living things, and are alive themselves. There are two types of cells, an animal and a plant cell. Plant and animal cells have different parts. Cells have a cell membrane, a nucleus, a nuclear membrane, a nucleolus, and chromosomes. The cell membrane is what gives the cell shape and holds the cytoplasm. The cell membrane is what helps control what moves in and out of the cell. The nucleus is what controls most of the cells activities, so in other words, it is the brain of the cell. Only eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, prokaryotic cells dont. Like a human brain determines how and when your body will move, the nucleus determines how and when proteins will be made. The nucleus also passes traits from parents to offspring. The nucleolus or nucleoli is the cell part that helps make ribosomes. Cells have more than one nucleolus and it is found inside the nucleus. Lastly, the chromosomes are cell parts with information that determines what traits a living thing will have. They are thread like structures that are also found inside the nucleus. These parts can be found in both a plant and animal cell. The cytoplasm is also found in both plant and animal cells. The cytoplasm is the clear jellylike material found between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It is what makes up most of the cell and it is where most of the cells chemical reactions take place. The cytoplasm can be compared to fruit in gelatin or jello. The gelatin would be the cytoplasm and the fruit set inside the gelatin are the several cell parts that are found in the cytoplasm. There are many cell parts inside the cytoplasm, but not all are in both plant and animal cells. In both plant and animal cells you can find vesicles, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria, and the golgi complex or apparatus. The vesicles are what help mo ...

Memo about ap stylebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Memo about ap stylebook - Essay Example For example, all distances should be in figures, using ‘5 miles is better than using five miles. Making this change will make the sentence more appealing to the reader unlike when it is in words. There are some words that are treated as two words, yet they seem better when they are written as one. ‘Under way’ appears better and has a good meaning when it is written as one word; ‘underway’. Additionally, using a general term such as ‘partners’ seems to be better and respectable when referring to a married couple. Husbands and wives is provocative and when it is pronounced it sounds as an offence to the one who is saying it and the people who are listening. The terms ‘husbands’ and ‘wives’ should not be used to refer to the same sex couples. The AP Stylebook should consider doing away with the term ‘illegal immigrant’. This is a loaded term and it is the action of migration that is illegal and not the person. The stylebook should instead advice clearly the action of illegal migration, because it is the controversy and not the person that is explained. Homosexuality is another word that brings many debates. The AP Stylebook describes homosexuality as a ‘sexual orientation’. Revising it to a ‘sexual preference’ sounds better because, preference is what someone likes to do while orientation is simply what you are. There is a need to cover social media guidelines in the AP stylebook. With the increase in user generated journalism pieces, the stylebook is supposed to show how they can secure and authenticate photo captions and some video scripts. AP should recognize Skype, Google Hangout, and flash mobs. It is important for them to develop a platform for communication with the people so that they may tell them and answer some questions or any other revisions made to the stylebook. Many people especially traditionalists have disagreed with some controversial changes that have been made in the past. Communicating

Does the rise of China represent a threat to U.S. national security Essay

Does the rise of China represent a threat to U.S. national security - Essay Example This continual rise in the global power of China is likely to represent a threat to U.S national security as the country tries to replace U.S as the world’s most powerful nation. Since the end of world war and more specifically in the last thirty years, China has recorded a tremendous growth in the size of its economy. The Chinese economy has been growing at a rate of 10%, which is three times to the global average, and as a result, it has grown to be the world’s second largest economy (Randau & Medinskaya 2015, p.15). In addition, it has claimed the top spot in various economic fields and it is actually revolutionizing the norm of the global economic sector. Since 2009 China displaced Germany as the world’s biggest exporter and it has maintained the position ever since. More automobiles are now being made in China than in any other country and at the same time, the economy has the largest market for new cars worldwide. Its automobiles sales have increased tremendously in the last five years and hence it has completely displaced U.S in the field of making and buying of automobiles. China has also grown to become the largest user of energy globally and actually its energy consumption rate is believed to have increased by more than a hundred percent in the last decade (Hinrichs & Kleinbach 2012, p.15).Majority of this huge demand comes from the manufacturing sector of the country which has largely increased and diversified its operations. Additionally because the standards of living of the people have improved, their energy consumption has also increased since they are able to purchase a wide variety of domestic appliances. All these among other factors have contributed to the high rate of Chinese economy and projections show that the growth of the country economically is likely to continue increasing in the forthcoming years. It has actually been predicted that by 2020, China will be the largest economy in all spheres and U.S is likely to